Sunday, December 29, 2019

Essay about Sex Discrimination - 1597 Words

Introduction Discrimination involves action toward individuals on the basis of their group membership; Baron and Byrne (1994) defined discrimination as prejudice in action. Discrimination can take a very overt form (e.g., refusal to hire women into certain jobs), but in many instances, gender discrimination involves the degree to which the workplace is open to versus resistant to the participation of women. Although many discussions of gender discrimination have focused on the ways managers and supervisors treat men and women, gender discrimination could involve managers, co-workers, subordinates, clients, or customers. In general, gender discrimination include behaviours occurring in the workplace that limit the target person’s ability†¦show more content†¦Additionally, some specific features of the workplace appear to contribute to prejudice and discrimination against both men and women. This research will try to identify and assess gender issues and discrimination in the workplace by looking at various types of sex discrimination, features of the workplace that contribute to gender discrimination, employers retaliation against workers who claim sex discrimination, and conclusively, legal ways of proving sex discrimination and their remedies. Types of Sex Discrimination The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (as amended) identifies three types of discrimination. These are: (1) direct discrimination; (2) indirect discrimination; and (3) victimisation (Chandler et al., 2003). The 1975 Act, with certain exceptions, applies equally to men and women. It not only forbids discrimination on grounds of sex or gender reassignment but discrimination also against married persons in the employment field. The 1975 Act is, of course, primarily directed towards the protection of women (SDA 1975, ss 1,2,3 4). Features of the Workplace that Contribute to Gender Discrimination Gender discrimination occurs in a number of settings. Men and women are perceived differently, are assigned different roles and are assumed to have different characteristics in most settings, for example household chores likeShow MoreRelatedSex Discrimination Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesyou have recently turned down Nancy Conrad for a position as sales supervisor.  Ã‚  Nancy believes the denial was due to her gender and she has filed a sex discrimination charge with the EEOC.  Ã‚  Explain the steps the EEOC will use to process the charge; include Nancy’s options during the process.  Ã‚  Determine the likelihood of success of Nancy’s discrimination claim from the EEOC data base (available through www.eeoc.gov). Describe the basic precautions you should take so you might prevail in her claim. Read MoreThe For The Sex Discrimination Act1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sex Discrimination Act 1975 is an act of the parliament of the united Kingdom which protects men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status. Employment, training, education, harassment, the provision of goods and services, and the disposal of premises have been concerned by the act. There are four different ways of discriminating racially. These are; Indirect Discrimination; this can occur where there is a policy, practice or procedure which applies to all workers,Read MoreSex, Religion, And Discrimination1132 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, there has been race, sex, religion, and many other sources of discrimination worldwide. America has come a long way in bringing justice to those who have been discriminated, and to prevent it from happening by implementing relevant policies. However, it is apparent that traces of these historical discriminations have followed us onto the new era of the 21st century. In the past few months alone, there were a few laws executed to stop inequity allowing for: †¢ Same sex marriage, and †¢ Gay/lesbianRead MoreThe Effects Of Sex Discrimination On The Workforce Essay859 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Sex Discrimination in the workforce Research Topic Sex discrimination is defined when a person is treated unfairly or with less favourable attitude/ characteristics than a person of the opposite sex. The factors that has influenced me to select this specific topic is due to the actuality that sex discrimination against women in the workforce is never taken into consideration by the community. Women in Australia have been fighting for the right to equal pay since the early century. AustraliaRead MoreEssay On Sex Discrimination In The Workplace1014 Words   |  5 Pagesthe courts to be a protected class under Title VII s prohibition of sex discrimination in the workplace? I agree that transgender employee should be considered by the courts to be a protected class under Title VII’s prohibition of sex discrimination in the workplace. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 makes it illegal to discriminate against someone on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that defineRead MoreRace, Sex, And Religious Discrimination1479 Words   |  6 Pagesmake a difference. Although laws have been put in place to end this, there are still many instances in which countless people are affected by modern day discrimination. Race, sex, and religious discrimination are arguable the three most prevalent forms of these issues still ongoing today. My assigned roundtable’s topic was on sex discrimination specifically. We were asked to focus the recent hiring practices of the Hooters restaurant chain. What was unique to this case was that men were the genderRead MoreSex Discrimination at Walmart Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesSex Discrimination at Wal-Mart OMM640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr.: David Britton May 14, 2012 Betty Dukes along with five other women filled a law suit against Wal-Mart Inc. in 2001 for discrimination against women, denying them their raises and also their promotions. Betty Dukes and the other women hope that they can stand for hundreds of thousands of other women who might have been similarly affected by this type of behavior when they wereRead MoreSexism, Prejudice, And Discrimination On The Basis Of Sex1610 Words   |  7 PagesSexism is the prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination on the basis of sex. Sexism is regarded mostly towards women. Sexism affects everyone but not effecting everyone evenly. For women, they suffer from sexism socially, educational, political, religious, social, etc. The idea of sexism is that the men have more power than the women. Women get judged differently than men do. Women get judged in the workplace which limits them to certain jobs. The stereotypes that women are under are unbelievableRead MoreSex Discrimination in the Americ an Workplace Still Stands848 Words   |  3 Pagessense of discrimination against women when it comes to the corporate world. Although women’s overall presence in the work force has seen a boost in numbers in America, men today still get paid more than their female counterparts. To begin with, differences in the pay of workers between both genders seems to be an ongoing issue ever since the time women joined men in the work place. For that reason, â€Å"America made a commitment to equal pay for equal work regardless of the worker’s sex† when theyRead MoreSex Discrimination Law Suit Against Walmart861 Words   |  4 Pagesfemale employees at Walmart filed a class action sex discrimination law suit against Walmart stores in the district court of Columbia. The case talks about discrimination going on in the workplace a group of woman who were discriminated by their gender. Betty Dukes and five other woman were being discriminated they were under paid and denied advancement opportunities. The allegation were that the company’s policy resulted in worldwide discrimination. Walmart was promoting more men than woman this

Saturday, December 21, 2019

How Does Language Allow Self Reflection Organize...

We use language to reflect upon ourselves and what we want others to think of us. Language allows self-reflection in this way. It helps us gain an understanding of who we are as individuals and as leaders. It allows us to analyze and/or monitor our communications. In order for us to be truly effective at leading others, we have to be effective at leading ourselves. If we are not able to really know ourselves, we are only being deluded into thinking that we can lead ourselves. Self-reflection also lets is identify and own our traits, both our personality and our leadership traits. Self-reflection lets us monitor our communication and adjusts it to be effective; it also allows us to recognize our core values, not only by naming what we†¦show more content†¦Broad concepts are being used to transcend specific, concrete activities and to enter the world of conceptual thought and ideas. Due to us thinking abstractly we do not have to consider every specific object and experience i ndividually; we are thinking in general terms instead. We also have a language that can stereotype. Our human capacity enables us to abstract distort thinking by generalizing things and people. An example of this would be all women love the color pink; this would be more of a negative because some men also like pink. Language allows hypothetical thought by giving us a much broader perspective of self-reflection and thought. Language lets us think hypothetically because we use symbols. The way we use symbols is by naming the ideas that we develop; in order for those ideas to stay in our minds and for us to reflect on them. An example would be putting the time, energy, and effort into career searching, at this present moment having a career may not be present, but once going on several interviews it could become a reality. In order for us to answer certain questions about where we see us in the future or about memories about our childhood we must think hypothetically, meaning that we are thinking about experiences and ideas which are not a part of our concrete and/or present situation. We can plan, vision, remember, set goals, consider different course of action, and picture possibilities because we are thinking hypothetically.Show MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 W ords   |  316 PagesFILM LANGUAGE FILM LANGUAGE A Semiotics of the Cinema Christian Metz Translated by Michael Taylor The University of Chicago Press Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages Organizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. 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Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation. Copyright  ©2012, 2009, 2005, 2002Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesto customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Hence it can be surmised that marketing is basically meeting unmet needs for target markets, identifying those unmet needs and planning how to meet them through products, services, and ideas. Communicating the value to them along with pricing which is affordable and profitable and also distributing the products so that customers have appropriate accessibility and have quick and easy deliveryRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesand others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. 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It is intended for university students with no previous acquaintance with the subject, and was primarily written for the participants of a course on risk analysis at Uppsala University inRead MoreCoaching Salespeople Into Sales Champions110684 Words   |  443 Pagesfor anyone who reads this book. If the reader will embrace Keith’s philosophy around coaching, they can certainly expect to win in all areas of their life, while making a profound and measurable impact on their salespeople’s performance and attitude.’’ Dr. Denis Waitley Best-Selling Author of The Seeds of Greatness and The Psychology of Winning ‘‘There is no other single activity to boost sales that works better than sales coaching and this book is the best ever written on how to do it well.’’ Brian

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Climate Change Politics Essay Sample free essay sample

Kyoto Protocol –* December 1997* Signed by 168 states* First internationally legal binding mark for the decrease of green house gas emanations * Target – cut green house gases by 12. 5 % based on the 1990 degrees by 2012 * Emphasis on developed countries- developing states. ie China and India – exempt from cuts * This protocol non enforced until 2005 * Largest sabotaging factor – USA failed to sign the protocol * KEY as USA is responsible for a one-fourth of all green house gas emanations * Why – influence of political persons. Clinton argued that the deficiency of accent on the function of developing states on the issue of clime alteration would intend the senate would non sign the protocol. * George W. Bush – clime alteration skeptic – questioned influence of worlds on clime alteration – and so publish non addressed. * Obama – encouraged positive action towards undertaking clime alteration – but small done. Merely arrived to Copenhagen Summit on last twenty-four hours – and created a weak agreement with merely a few states The Bali Road Map –* Known as the long term carbon monoxide operative action under the convention* Took topographic point 2007* Clear docket of cardinal issues to be negotiated up to 2009* These issues included: Action for accommodating to the negative effects of clime alteration. such as drouths and inundations Wayss to cut down Greenhouse Gas emanations Wayss to widely deploy climate-friendly engineerings and financing both version and extenuation steps. Adaptation Fund. The fund will assist developing states cope with the impact of clime alteration. which includes implosion therapy. drouths. heat moving ridges and rises in sea degree. It will be financed by the Clean Development Mechanism. It was agreed that version should be extenuation as a precedence. Break down of the â€Å"Berlin wall† between developing states and developed states. which means that developing states need to make their portion of cut downing C emanations. South Africa was committed to lend its just portion towards our common duty for the hereafter. * Issues – US. Japan + Canada opposed to the emanations ends * South Africa called on the USA to demo increased leading * Intensified competition between developed and developing universe Copenhagen-* 2009* Large construct up A ; high outlooks – earlier conferences had achieved small * Environmental groups + militants had built up public expectation+ taken portion in civic lobbying – outlooks were high * But – failed to present * States stand foring their ain national involvements and economic ends in front of international consensus * No understandings made* Obama – a ‘no show’ until the last twenty-four hours – failed to move as the world’s hegemonic president – he struggled to supply any leading * BUT – non a complete failure – the negotiations produced the Copenhagen agreement * Accord between the USA. China. Brazil. India and South Africa * Was recognized by 193 states * Highlighted the demand to restrict planetary temperature rises to no more than 2 grades above pre industrial degrees * Accord besides promised to present 30 bn USD to developing states over the following three old ages A ; 100 bn USD a twelvemonth by 2020 to assist hapless states cope with the impacts of clime alteration – would go known as the Green Climate Fund * 30 bn USD was non raised – merely reached 20 bn USD – half of which was provided by Japan – how money would be raised was ill-defined and so has been unsuccessful * Accord non lawfully adhering – but – calls made across the universe – note – Banki Moon Durban –* 2011* 2 hebdomads of dialogues* 195 parties to the UN clime alteration convention agreed on a route map * Idea proposed by EU* Attempted to pull up legal model for clime action by 2015 * Success – all states. developed and developing – including China + USA – signed up to lawfully adhering marks * BUT – still ill-defined – to what widen can planetary heating be curbed – this reflected in the extenuation marks states adopt * Durban understanding includes an recognition that there is a widening spread between the extenuation attempts presently promised and those required to maintain warming within the loosely recognized 2 °C safety bound. Doha –* 2012* Viewed as a stepping rock to the negotiations in 2015* BUT – argued that certain accomplishments were made – developed and developing states working together to organize a new planetary understanding * Structure of dialogues changed – developed and developing states sat together in one forum – antecedently divisions were of all time turning – ex Copenhagen * Doha has besides agreed that there will be a 2nd commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol * 37 states have signed for a 2nd stage * It will run from 1 January 2013 to 31 December. Jointly. these states will cut down their emanations 18 % below their 1990 degree between 2013-2020 * Issue of ‘hot air’ resolved – excess fresh C credits * Notes from after the clime alteration talk with Peter Vis The hereafter – Paris 2015 Peter Vis – is the UN tantrum to undertake the issue of clime alteration? Mr. Vis questioned this. Six twelvemonth spread between major conferences – Copenhagen and Paris – is this effectual? Many conferences are uneffective – Copenhagen – and so a six twelvemonth spread is uneffective. Conferences in between – following twelvemonth – Warsaw – seen as a write off. Why are the conferences merely successful every 6 old ages? The political procedure is so drawn out. Influence of the media and force per unit area groups – for illustration – Greenpeace Peter Vis stated that there would be a greater opportunity for co-operation over clime alteration in a smaller forum – he suggested the G20- the 20 richest states in the universe. Vis besides suggested the UN – but he believes that the UN is a confusing procedure for many delegates – if the organisation is confounding – covering with the issue of clime alteration will be confounding. Mechanisms within the EU to cut down emanations – extenuation and efficiency – EU policy on this – C trading. BUT – the issue with this – companies sell their excess quotas to other companies who go over their quotation mark. This puts an economic value on pollution – and this incentivizes concern. The implicit in issue with this is that it is non effectual. as the value of C has become excessively low. Hot air – the purchasing of trim excesss from states with states whom have a big left over quota of C. This is now banned in the EU – but this is still possible in other states – notably Russia – where the issue derived from. New EU budget – 20 % of the budget will travel to ‘climate related issues’ – money non comparative to the clime alteration committee. Part of that 20 % could travel to the conveyance committee – so that they can better conveyance substructure to go more effectual. Adaption – adapt to the effects of clime alteration. Much of the EU budget will travel to version schemes. Peter Vis does non believe that we will make the 2 degree bound of temperature rises – but that it will in fact go to four – the marks are merely unapproachable. He suggested that the manner to undertake this is to contrive and introduce new engineering that can accommodate to climate alteration. ‘Necessity is the female parent of invention’ – Boserup – Peter Vis quoted this Mention to Bangladesh – what will go on at that place – due to ongoing deluging – there will be increased out migration and people seek safety – and this will make struggle within neighbouring states where refugees flee to. This is the hereafter for hapless and climatically unstable states who will in future resort to resource wars. Doha – a positive consequence – extended the Kyoto Protocol to 2020 – with 31 states subscribing up to the extension. However – this is still hapless as many have non agreed to protocol. The hereafter? – Paris 2015 should bring forth a new lawfully adhering understanding that will be ratified at a cardinal conference in 2020 – therefore – action will so get down to be taken in 2020. On one side – you have the job of states who won’t subscribe up to lawfully adhering understandings – this undermines the efforts to collaborate over climate alteration – but on the other side – you have economic and political mechanisms for version.

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Review on Android Application Development Business System

Question: Describe the Review on Android Application Development for Business System. Answer: Review on Week 2: In the week 2 slide of the Mobile application development the activities, fragments and intents are discussed. The slide states the life cycle of the activities and the use of fragments for customizing the user interface of the application. The slide also helped to understand the idea of intent. The user interface of an application contains the activity window and for the development of an application zero or more activities can be used. The activities are used to make the interaction process attractive. There are different types of activities like onCreate(), onResume(), etc. and they can be used to display a process dialog (Meier 2012). The activities can be linked with the intents and it enables the different activities used in different application to work jointly. It may happen that there are two intents with same name and in this case the user is required to choose the default intent. The data can be passed over the different activities using the intent. The fragments are used to develop an application but the lower version of android does not support this feature, many of the activities consists of the fragments. Multiple fragments can be combined to form an activity and it can be reused multiple times in the app (Annuzzi, Darcey and Conder 2014). The fragment can be added dynamically and for this the fragment manager can be used. The fragment is used to call the built-in applications and for calling the intent is used. The intents can pair the data and the actions and it also helps to notify the user displaying notification messages. Review of Week 3: The user interface is the main component of an android application because the user interacts with the system through the UI of the application. A pre built user interface is provided for the development of the application and different modules are provided that helps the developer to build an attractive graphical user interface (Lee 2012). Other modules can also be added which adds extra interface like notification, dialogs and menus. The menu bars used in the application can be replaced by action bars. The action bars are highly customable and are used in most of the application as a default paradigm for navigation. The action bars gives the user a familiar user experience and the user finds it easy to use the app. The user interface can be created using programs and codes. Horizontal view swiping can be applied with the application of ViewPager, and the activities in the view can be overridden (Clark et al. 2012). The ViewPager uses XML layout and it can be reused in multiple sect ion of the application. The implementation of the navigation panel can also be used in the development of the user interface of the application and it allows the developer to add navigation drawer, provide back navigation, etc. Multiple screens can also be built with different screen size such that the application can run on different devices with different screen size (Sokolova, Lemercier and Garcia 2013). The views can b registered in each of the windows to pop up notification and handle the multiple views of a single event. Review of Week 4: There are different view classes like the TextView, Button, EditText, ImageButton, ImageView, Radio button, Spinner, Radio group, AutoCompleteTextView. The view classes are used in android app development it generally inhabits a major portion of the screen and is used in the frames of the application (Holla and Katti 2012). The views creates the output and the input fields of the app. The fields may be of different types like text field, image field or radio field. The view group acts as the layout to hold the different view properties. The developed contains the views nested in different view classes. The text view is a class and holds the text contents and allows the user to view or enter texts or numbers. The image view is used to displays image in the application (Dalmasso et al. 2013). The checkbox is used to select more than one option or one option provided to the user. The radio button allows the user to select an element and the other element provided is automatically unchec ked. The button view creates a button on the screen and can be of different types like image button or normal button (Darcey and Conder 2012). There are other views like the progress bar view which shows the progress of the task running in background, autocomplete text view that shows a list of suggestion to complete the process, picker view that allows the user to select the date and time. Using the views the usability of the application can be increased the list view can be applied to display a list of items and allowing the user to select their choice from them. The spinner view can also be used for selecting and fragments can be used to customize the user interface and list the items from an array and save their preference for the application. Review on week 5: In the previous week we have learned about the various views that can be used to build the application. The fifth week presentation states the use of the views to display images and creation of different types of menus. The menus can be of two types such as the optional menus and the context menus. Previously the views were used to display text but images can also be displayed using the view the function used to display image is the imageView, ImageSwitcher, GridView and gallery (Holla and Katti 2012). In the gallery view the image is displayed in a centrally locked horizontal scrolling list. The image switcher works with the gallery view and animation and transition are added in this type of view. The grid view is used to display the images in a two dimensional scrolling array. The option menu is used in the application to display information of the current activity. It can be activated touching on the menu option. The context menu is used to display the information of a particular view and it is activated by long pressing the menu option. For creating an option menu in the application two methods are needed to be implemented in an activity i.e. onCreateOptionMenu() and onOptionsItemSelected() (Plaza et al. 2013). There are some additional views like the analog and the digital clock views used to display the current time and web views that allows web contents to be displayed in the activity. Review on data persistence The data persistence is used in the application development in android and it is mainly used to reuse the data in different parts of the application. There are two types of persistent techniques to save the small lumps of data in shared preference i.e. using traditional file system and RDBMS with SQLite database (Mednieks et al. 2013). Different techniques are discussed that would help in the creation of private data and access it. The data can be stored in files using the FileInputStream or FileOutputStream class. The storage option for storing the data is required to be chosen by the developer and it can be modified later. Review on Week 6: The content providers are used in the application development process to access a structured data sets. The data can be encapsulated and thus this increases the security of the data. The content providers act as a standard interface to connect the data of one process with the code of another process. ContentResolver and ContentProvider can be used to communicate with the provider (Wei et al. 2012). The android OS itself contains content provider and it manages the contact information, audio and videos and it can be accessed by the application for usage. There are pre-defined query strings that can be used as a resource for the application. Filters can be added in the content provider for building custom content provider (Holla and Katti 2012). To build a content provider is necessary to design a data storage and designing the content URI. The SQLite can be used for managing the database. Review on Week 7: Some extra feature can be added to the application like sending SMS messages for verification of the registered mobile number or send email from the application. Adding this feature in the application would make it attractive and tracking function can also be added to it. The SMS messages can be sent programmatically using the built in SMS app but there is a need to set user permission before using the SMS service. Receiving the SMS message need the object BroadcastReceiver and it enables to fetch information from the default SMS application (Darcey and Conder 2012). It is also required to prevent other application to get the messages and thus a small programming is need to done that would block other apps to fetch information. The activity of the application should run in background such that when any message is received it displays the message on the screen. For sending emails from the application the user have to configure their account or it can be done programmatically or by usi ng the default built in application (Dalmasso et al. 2013). Review on location based service For combining the google map with the app the gps of the mobile is used. This can accurately locate the current position of the device. For setting up the new project phonegap or eclipse can be used. The integration of the google map in the application can be used as a location tracker (Bugiel et al. 2012). The address of a particular location can be fetched and the location feature can also be used to detect the current position. Reverse geocoding can be applied to calculate the longitude and latitude of the selected position and find the address of that location. Review on Week 8: The application developed might need to gather data from the internet and update the information available in the system and for this there is different approach. HTTP, XML, Jason or socket service can be used to connect to the internet. The HTTP is used to download the webpages and other binary data like videos, gifs, or audios. Permission must be granted to the app to use the internet (Jackson 2013). There are pre-defined methods that can be called to operate different task like downloading or decoding. The downloading process can run in background to increase the usability of the application. If some plain text is downloaded they are stored in strings. The web services are accessed using the XML files at first the web service is connected and the contents are stored in the XML file. Using XML files can increase the size and cost, it requires more CPU resource and thus reduces the efficiency of the application. Thus an alternative of the XML i.e. Jason (Java Script Object Notation) is used to store the web contents (Linares-Vsquez et al. 2015). The response of a web service is read as a string in JSON and the string is stored in an array. Socket programming can also be used for more secure connection to the server. The Http connection is stateless and for more secure application this cannot be used and thus socket programming come into play. It is used for the chat servers for one to one communication (Georgiev et al. 2012). The socket programming uses the TCP/IP protocol the message is sent to the server and the server return the message to the destination client. Review on Week 9: Developing the android service is the most important factor for the success of an application. The application are built that uses less resource and runs smoothly in background without using the user interface. The overriding function are used to create this service like onBind(), onStart() or onDestroy() (Gargenta and Nakamura 2014).The services are declared with a tag and intent and the long processes are kept in separate thread in the AsyncTask class. Timer can be added for the long process that would run the service after a defined interval. The application must be tested before going online and for the testing the developers must use a methodology. It is required to have a proper analysis of the working criteria of the built application and the targeted device on which the app should work. The testing is much important for the success of the application because there are numerous apps available in the market and the user finds the app unresponsive and lacks in some feature, they quickly moves to a new app (Zhang et al. 2013). The testing should be done on the quality of the application and it should be noted that the application meets all the user requirements. There are many testing through which the application have to pass like the functional, lab, performance, memory interrupt, usability, installation and certification testing. The application should be tested in multiple devices with different screen size and hardware configuration. Review on Week 10: The application developed should be attractive with an attractive icon that defines the application. The use of the splash screen can also make the application attractive, screenshots can be added in the app store to make the user understand the application. A short description about the working of the application would also make the user confident to use the app. When the application is submitted in the app store it should be categorized and a relevant keyword is also needed that would be used to search the app. For making the application available in the app store the needs to be verified and 30% of the profit is required to be paid to the app store at an interval of 30 days. The revenue invested in the advertisement of the app is exempted and all the terms and condition must be read carefully. The marketing strategy for the promotion of the application can be developed by answer a set of questions like who are the targeted users, what are their requirements and if it is fulfilled by the application, etc. The apps are generally built by a third party company and they must built it to make it a successful product. A number of strategies can be applied for the promotion of the app like offering free version of the app, subscription based service, selling ads through the app, etc. A proper analysis should be done on the present market condition and adopt policy to survive in the market with the competitors. Review on Week 11: In the week 11 the difference between the research and the scholarship is taught. The scholarship is the process of different study materials from different sources. Research is a process used for the analysis of the current system and collection of data about the system. This lesson is taught to make us understand about the positive and the negative effect of using the mobile technology (Gudmundsson et al. 2016). The definition of science is also taught and ways to gather knowledge is described in the lesson. The important terms of philosophy and the use of the knowledge for the analysis are also taught. Some of the important terms like the Metaphysics, Ontology and Epistemology are also discussed in this week. Ethics and its paradigm are discussed; there is different approach for the identification of the paradigm such as the Interpretive, critical and logico-empirical paradigm (Jackson 2013). The historical overview of the empiricism, rationalism, philosophy, logico-empirical para digm is also discussed in the class week 11. The interpretive or constructivist and critical theories are also discussed in the class. Lastly the research process model is discussed and the steps involved in the development of the model are taught and the type of research that is to be performed is also discussed in the class. References Annuzzi, J., Darcey, L. and Conder, S., 2014.Introduction to Android application development: Android essentials. Pearson Education. Bugiel, S., Davi, L., Dmitrienko, A., Fischer, T., Sadeghi, A.R. and Shastry, B., 2012, February. Towards Taming Privilege-Escalation Attacks on Android. InNDSS(Vol. 17, p. 19). Clark, D., Edmonds, C., Moore, A., Harlow, J., Allen, K., Winchester, W.W., McCrickard, D.S. and Estabrooks, P., 2012, May. Android application development to promote physical activity in adolescents. InCTS(pp. 566-568). Dalmasso, I., Datta, S.K., Bonnet, C. and Nikaein, N., 2013, July. Survey, comparison and evaluation of cross platform mobile application development tools. In2013 9th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC)(pp. 323-328). IEEE. Darcey, L. and Conder, S., 2012.Android Wireless Application Development Volume I: Android Essentials. Addison-Wesley. Gargenta, M. and Nakamura, M., 2014.Learning Android: Develop Mobile Apps Using Java and Eclipse. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Georgiev, M., Iyengar, S., Jana, S., Anubhai, R., Boneh, D. and Shmatikov, V., 2012, October. The most dangerous code in the world: validating SSL certificates in non-browser software. InProceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security(pp. 38-49). ACM. Gudmundsson, V., Lindvall, M., Aceto, L., Bergthorsson, J. and Ganesan, D., 2016. Model-based Testing of Mobile Systems--An Empirical Study on QuizUp Android App.arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.00503. Holla, S. and Katti, M.M., 2012. Android based mobile application development and its security.International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology,3(3), pp.486-490. Jackson, W., 2013. Android Intents: Inter-Application Programming. InLearn Android App Development(pp. 383-410). Apress. Lee, W.M., 2012.Beginning android 4 application Development. John Wiley Sons. Linares-Vsquez, M., White, M., Bernal-Crdenas, C., Moran, K. and Poshyvanyk, D., 2015, May. Mining android app usages for generating actionable gui-based execution scenarios. InProceedings of the 12th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories(pp. 111-122). IEEE Press. Mednieks, Z., Meike, G.B., Dornin, L. and Pan, Z., 2013.Enterprise Android: Programming Android Database Applications for the Enterprise. John Wiley Sons. Meier, R., 2012.Professional Android 4 application development. John Wiley Sons. Plaza, I., Demarzo, M.M.P., Herrera-Mercadal, P. and Garca-Campayo, J., 2013. Mindfulness-based mobile applications: Literature review and analysis of current features.JMIR mHealth and uHealth,1(2), p.e24. Sokolova, K., Lemercier, M. and Garcia, L., 2013. Android passive MVC: a novel architecture model for the android application development. InProceedings of the fifth international conference on pervasive patterns and applications (PATTERNS13). IARIA(pp. 7-12). Wei, X., Gomez, L., Neamtiu, I. and Faloutsos, M., 2012, August. ProfileDroid: multi-layer profiling of android applications. InProceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking(pp. 137-148). ACM. Zhang, Y., Yang, M., Xu, B., Yang, Z., Gu, G., Ning, P., Wang, X.S. and Zang, B., 2013, November. Vetting undesirable behaviors in android apps with permission use analysis. InProceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGSAC conference on Computer communications security(pp. 611-622). ACM.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on On An Experience Of A Life Time

On My Experience of a Life Time On a Sunday afternoon, last January, I was enjoying the Super Bowl with my family. While watching the game, something made me remember of the times I used to watch soccer games with my host parents. My brother shouting with a glee as his team scored a goal and my father clapping, reminded me of the days in Brazil where the football craze and support for their national teams pushed emotions to a fever-pitch. That afternoon get-together with my family brought back all my memories as an exchange student to Brazil. I had been sent to Brazil as an exchange student. An exchange student is a student from one country received into an institution in another country to learn about the culture and the tradition of that country. On a personal level, these programs teach relationship skills, build a positive attitude towards life, and raise confidence during difficult times. Before I was sent to Brazil, I was a very different person- Different in the sense of personality as we ll as in my outlook towards life. I was an extrovert and a timid kind of person. Until then I never knew how challenging life could be. My mother always encouraged me to learn different activities but I was never interested in learning new things. They encouraged me to learn the folk dance and music of India, in which I was never interested. My dad wanted me to see the world and understand that there are different cultures other than where I was brought up. He wanted me to understand that cultures could be extremely different from the place to place. They might be friendly or they might not be and some practices might seem outrageous to me, while some might make me wish that I were born in that culture. All these experiences add up to make you a more complete individual. He thought that sending me to Brazil was a wonderful opportunity, which could push me to get out of the cocoon that I had built around m... Free Essays on On An Experience Of A Life Time Free Essays on On An Experience Of A Life Time On My Experience of a Life Time On a Sunday afternoon, last January, I was enjoying the Super Bowl with my family. While watching the game, something made me remember of the times I used to watch soccer games with my host parents. My brother shouting with a glee as his team scored a goal and my father clapping, reminded me of the days in Brazil where the football craze and support for their national teams pushed emotions to a fever-pitch. That afternoon get-together with my family brought back all my memories as an exchange student to Brazil. I had been sent to Brazil as an exchange student. An exchange student is a student from one country received into an institution in another country to learn about the culture and the tradition of that country. On a personal level, these programs teach relationship skills, build a positive attitude towards life, and raise confidence during difficult times. Before I was sent to Brazil, I was a very different person- Different in the sense of personality as we ll as in my outlook towards life. I was an extrovert and a timid kind of person. Until then I never knew how challenging life could be. My mother always encouraged me to learn different activities but I was never interested in learning new things. They encouraged me to learn the folk dance and music of India, in which I was never interested. My dad wanted me to see the world and understand that there are different cultures other than where I was brought up. He wanted me to understand that cultures could be extremely different from the place to place. They might be friendly or they might not be and some practices might seem outrageous to me, while some might make me wish that I were born in that culture. All these experiences add up to make you a more complete individual. He thought that sending me to Brazil was a wonderful opportunity, which could push me to get out of the cocoon that I had built around m...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Recently History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recently History - Essay Example the southern African Americans faced a great deal of problems in the 1915-16, They were denied the right to vote, lived under severe poverty, faced crop infestation which affected them greatly as most of them were occupational farmers and most importantly they lived under heavy debt. Lack of facilitation and opportunities in the south prompted them to migrate to the north where the urban areas had flourish in the wake of the war. Since Europe was in the midst of a sever war that had haltered its economic progress, the United States became the facilitators in this case for the war torn countries. As a result not only did it strengthen economically, it also hosted a number of quality and well-paying job, a feature absent in the south (Exhibitions.nypl.org). They war had opened many avenues for them in the economic world of production and services and hence, the southern blacks moved to the north in search of greener pastures. This migration is known as the great migration in history an d played a great role in revolutionizing the black community in the United States. The female black population of the United States was positively affected as well. They contributed to the war efforts and as a result were able to get equitable jobs in the country as well. They became politically active as well and provided significant support to the black soldiers as a result. Many war service organizations specifically for women were also established like the Red Cross, Womens Auxiliary of the New York 15th National Guard etc. and thus, they were accepted as a strong opinionated part of the American population. Many instances also depict the increased employee sense that these minorities developed and retaliated against their white employees for due employee rights they were denied. Where the black Americans saw progress and growth at the war time, another minority faced dire consequences. Majority of the American population consisted of foreigners. Even though the german-americans

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pre-Coding Assignment

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pre-Coding - Assignment Example I cannot oppose the fact highlighted by Rousseau that indeed pre-coding is part and parcel of each research. The point is further made clear that pre-coding is a foundation of early planning and maintaining focus on essential parts of the research. I can add that pre-coding enables elimination of unwanted or unnecessary information that can, in turn, be misleading to the researcher and the readers. On the other hand, Rousseau failed to mention the disadvantages of pre-coding, but I think it is because he noted more of its benefits than the drawbacks it will bring in the topic of discussion. I find Donna’s arguments over the advantages of pre-coding to be very rational. To her, pre-coding is not just an activity, but a skill to be mastered by every researcher if he or she wants to summarize the data and at the same time retain all the vital data. Just like she refers to Patton’s (2002) suggestion on the process of organizing data, so do I strongly support that four steps are a must. Even though she argues that its disadvantage is that it works well only in a large amount of data, this may be a challenge and an opportunity for the researcher to be keener when handling errors.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Essay about a song Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About a song - Essay Example The lines â€Å"Winter is over, Summer is near,† (Krall lines 3-4) etched its symbolism into my head as pictures and memories filled in my mind. The lines depicted the change of seasons—for me, it symbolized the amount of change that happened in my life from the age of eight. I decided then and there to pause for a moment and letting out a soft sigh, I let the memories of childhood come back to me. The song didn’t stop and continued to play in the once silent room. More of the lyrics struck me as it continued to play. Diana sang on, saying that â€Å"I wished it would rain, washing away the sadness and tears,† (Krall lines 14-15), whether she meant it literally or not, I interpret it in relation to childhood experiences. The lines could mean that sometimes, being a kid is about being happy and that there are times when a grown up misses the life where there were a lot less responsibilities. I may not be a full fledged grown up but I can relate to the song where there are times I wish I could go back the time when all I would worry about is what game to play with the other kids in the neighborhood; when all I would think about it enjoying a worry-free life. The water from the rain symbolizes the power of the rain to cleanse a certain item—for those who are not kids anymore, it is to forget the worries and responsibilities for a moment and return to a life of innocence even for the quickest time. This time around, the song was nearing its end when another couple of lines caught my attention, â€Å"I stood there in the salt spray air,† (Krall line 19) the salt spray air could symbolize the air by the salty sea—according to a Carl Jung, a psychologist, in dreams, the sea itself symbolized uncertainty and vastness (qtd in Spoinas). It can pertain to life—anyone’s life, in general, where uncertainty is constantly present. Dangers and opportunities can be found in any corner and we are left

Friday, November 15, 2019

Dubai Property Market Economic Theory

Dubai Property Market Economic Theory With this dissertation what I would like to achieve is the following: I will carry out extensive research on the economic theory behind booms and bursts. I will look at some of the booms and bursts throughout history. I will attempt to make my own economic model behind what caused a boom and its subsequent burst and see if this model can be applied to the economic situation of the property market in Dubai. If a number of variables existed that suggested a burst might be coming, why was nothing done to stop it? 1.2: A brief history of Dubai Thirty years ago almost all of modern Dubai was desert. In the mid 18th century a small nomadic group settled there and built a small town. This small towns underlying asset being pearls. The pearl trade attracted people from all over the middle east, all with dreams of prosperity. The town was named Daba after a local locust that consumed everything it encountered. This rapidly growing town was soon acquired by the Gunships of the British army. Britain maintained control of the area until 1971(The Independent2009). In 1971 Dubai and five surrounding sheikhdoms (Abu Dhabi, Al Fujayrah, Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn and Sharjah) agreed on a federal constitution and became The United Arab Emirates or UAE. In February 1972 a seventh Sheikhdom, Ras al Khaymah joined the UAE. At this point Sheikh Zayid Ibn Sultan Al Nuhayyan of Abu Dhabi became the first president of the UAE. The ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Rashid ibn Said Al Maktum was named vice president, and his eldest son, Sheikh Maktum ibn Rash id Al Maktum, the prince of Dubai, became prime minister. In 1990 Sheikh Maktum succeeded his father as ruler of Dubai and as vice president and prime minister of the UAE (Library of Congress2007). It was around 1971, as the British were leaving that oil was first discovered. However to say that Dubai relied on oil for its growth would be wrong. Dubai had very little oil relative to its neighbouring emirate Abu Dhabi. So Sheikh Maktum had to diversify. He used oil revenues to create something he thought sustainable. Israel used to boast it made the desert bloom; Sheikh Maktum resolved to make the desert boom (The Independent 2009). It became a hub for tourism and financial services, Attracting capital and expertise from all over the globe. He invited the world to come tax free, and people came in their millions. A city seemed to descend from the heavens in thirty years. Would it be sustainable? (Source : The Independent, The Dark side of Dubai, 7 April 2009) (Source: Country Profile : UAE. Library of Congress Federal Research division, July 2007) 1.3: From Boom to bust over night. I arrived in Dubai in 2007 at a point when it was said that a third of the worlds construction equipment was in Dubai. It was the second fastest growing city in the world (second to Moscow) and appeared to be one big construction site. Skyscrapers were appearing over night to cater for increases in demand in property. However, a large part of this demand for property was merely speculatory. Investments in property appeared to be highly attractive and beneficial, especially to foreign investors earning in non dollar currencies. I say this because the dirham is pegged to the dollar (3.75 dhms per US Dollar). It was around late 2007 early 2008 that the dollar reached its weakest point making property in Dubai cheaper to people earning pounds for example. People also assumed that the dollar would one day appreciate; therefore giving investors that extra incentive. Dubais popularity was rapidly increasing and it was booming in the true definition of the word. However in September of 2008 things changed. See the following line graph of average residential sales prices to appreciate the extent of the crash. Figure 1 Residential sale prices (AED/ft2) Source: Landmark Advisory Board 2010. As you can see in Q408 both the average price of apartments and villas plummet from a mutual peak of 1500 AED/ft2 to around 900 AED/ft2 from one month to the next. This is a massive average decrease of 40 percent. I will attempt to demonstrate why this rapid increase in residential prices occurred and its subsequent decline and decide whether the boom and bust can be considered a bubble bursting in its true economic definition. Literature Review The Economic Theory and History behind Bubbles 2.1 An introduction to bubbles Essentially an economic bubble is an increase in the price of an asset or stock above its fundamental value and its subsequent decrease in value and implosion on the bubble is referred to as a burst. When asset prices increase speculators are overwhelmed by a sense of euphoria, chasing short term capital gains. A phenomenon that former chairman of the federal reserve Alan Greenspan memorably called irrational exuberance (Nial Ferguson, The Ascent of Money). Contrarily, when speculators primitive instincts turn from greed to fear, the bubble created by the initial irrational exuberance can burst with astonishing abruptness; almost overnight. Charles Kindleberger defined a bubble as a sharp rise in price of an asset or a range of assets in a continuous process, with the initial rise generating expectations of further rises and attracting new buyers generally speculators interested in profits from trading in the asset rather than its use or earning capacity. The rise is usually followed by a reversal of expectations and a sharp decline in price often resulting in financial crises (Bubble, Bubble, Wheres the Housing Bubble?) The initial boost in augmentation of the economy acts as a catalyst for both lenders and investors optimism about the future and asset prices rise swiftly. Nial ferguson refers to investors as an electronic herd, happily grazing on positive returns one moment, then stampeding for the farmyard gate the next (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). 2.2 Bubbles in History The big ten economic bubbles (Charles P Kindleberger, Robert Z Aliber 2005) 1. The Dutch Tulip Bulb Bubble 1636 2. The South Sea Bubble 1720 3. The Mississippi bubble 1720 4. The late 1920s US stock price Bubble 1927-29 5. The increase in bank loans to Mexico and other developing countries in the 1970s 6. The bubble in real estate and stocks in Finland, Norway and Sweden 7. The bubble in real estate and stocks in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and several other Asian countries 1992-97 8. The bubble in real estate and stocks in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and several other Asian countries 1992-97 9. The increase in foreign investment in Mexico 1990-93 10. The Bubble in over the counter stocks in the United States 1995-2000. Also known as the .com bubble Over and over again asset, security and stock prices have reached unsustainable highs and subsequently come crashing down. From boom to bust, this process is consistently associated with ruthless insiders exploiting asymmetries of information attempting to make a profit at the cost of first time investors. In Dubai, every three months or so Emaar one of the big real estate developers (of which it is alleged that the absolute ruler of Dubai, Sheikh Mohammed has a thirty percent stake) released property for sale at increasing prices, almost instigating the bubble themselves very similar to what John Law (a convicted murderer and gambling addict) did with shares of the joint stock company named Company of the West (Compagnie dOccident) which resulted in the Mississippi bubble of 1720(Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). All these bubbles in History have followed similar paths; Nial Ferguson believes it possible to dissect all bubbles into five stages. 2.3 Nial Fergusons Five Stage Model (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009) 1. Displacement: An incident or innovation in the economy that generates new and lucrative possibilities for investors/speculators. Kindleberger refers to this as the expansion stage of the business cycle (Charles P Kindleberger, 2005). In the cases of the Dutch Tulip Bulb, The South Sea and Mississippi Bubbles this displacement was the creation of the Joint Stock Company. In the case of the US .com bubble the displacement or expansion was innovations in technology like the internet. In Dubai It could be argued that the displacement stage of the bubble was when developments were open for sale to foreign investors as opposed to previously when only locals could purchase land and property. This initial process causes a rise in spending which leads to inflated prices and increased consumption which combined translate to economic growth. 2. Euphoria/overtrading: Rising expected profits induce the appreciation in value of assets and shares. Investment soars because credit is in abundance. In Japan in the eighties Japanese investors had access to mountains of credit made available by nave bankers that didnt even contemplate a crash and the Japanese went on an investment spree. In the US in the 1990s, during the time preceding the crash .dom companies had access to almost infinite funds from venture capitalists with distorted perceptions of the future profitability of these firms (Charles P Kindleberger and Robert Z Alibir). Dubai was the same pre crash credit was very accessible; I will asses this further in my analysis segment of the dissertation. 3. Mania/bubble: The anticipation of rapid, easy capital gains entices first time investors and unscrupulous, esoteric brokers cater for this demand, in a ruthless attempt to sell assets and shares before a crash, which a seasoned broker is capable of predicting. 4. Distress: Insiders become aware that prices of assets and shares exceed their fundamental values and exploit the asymmetries of information by selling at profit. 5. Revulsion/discredit: prices begin to plummet and the electronic herd stampedes to exit the market causing the bubble to implode. The value of commodities bonds, stocks, land, buildings and houses decline to levels that are 30 to 40 percent below peak prices (Charles p kindleberger and Robert Z . Aliber, 2008, 2009), this adheres perfectly to residential duelling prices in Dubai (refer to figure 1). (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). The Fundamentals behind this model are asymmetric information, availability to rapid, relatively cheap credit and the capability of capital to flow freely over geographical borders. This five stage model is accurate but basic. I will now progress to more specific models in detail behind the creation and existence of economic bubbles. 2.4 The Hyman Minsky model of instability in the supply of credit. This model created by Hyman Minsky can be used to explain financial fragility in economies. Minsky focuses on changes in the availability of credit. During periods of growth the supply of credit increases and during economic slowdowns this supply decreases. In times of growth, usually following an economic displacement like mentioned in Nial Fergusons model, investors feel more confident about the profitability of a number of investments and seek to finance these investments with credit. In the meantime, lenders become more enthusiastic about providing credit, even for investments, that prior to the expansion, had appeared too risky they become far less risk averse, reducing minimum down payments, minimum margin requirements. For individual lenders the cost of borrowing has to remain competitive too to maintain market share. However, when the mood changes, the economy slows down and fear kicks in, investors act much more cautiously. Lenders react similarly and their risk averseness increases and they supply less credit. Minsky believed that these cyclical changes in the availability of credit are a major catalyst to financial instability and are a factor in causing bubbles (Charles p kindleberger and Robert Z . Aliber, 2008, 2009). I am certain that minskys model was apparent in Dubai and definitely a defining factor of the recent burst. I will go on to prove this in the critical analysis part of the dissertation. Minsky also mentions an over-estimate of prospective returns, or excessive leverage (Charles p kindleberger and Robert Z . Aliber, 2008, 2009) during the euphoric period. Speculation suggests the acquisition of assets for the capital gain from expected surges in their value as opposed to income generated by one of these assets or for their use. The income generated by an asset or the use of an asset is considered to be the fundamental value of an asset and in bubbles the prices of assets fluctuate far from their fundamental values. This point is made clearer in the next part of the literature review. Minsky also states that a sense of euphoria or depression in one country maybe contagious in another country. I believe that the recent housing bubble in the United States and its subsequent burst influenced the real estate bubble in Dubai and was a significant cause of the crash. 2.5 Fundamental Value Researchers seem to concentrate on one of the following elements when considering a bubble: rapid appreciation of assets, overly optimistic predictions of future prices, a discrepancy between price and fundamental value and obviously a vast depreciation of assets when the bubble pops (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). Karl Case and Robert Shiller believe that A tendency to view housing as an investment is a defining characteristic of a housing bubble (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). However, Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, in their 2006 journal titled Housing, Housing, where is the housing bubble? disagree. They argue that housing can be considered a legitimate investment and that the best way to spot a bubble is to determine the discrepancy between the actual prices of houses and the fundamental value of these houses. Speculators in general do not make an attempt to calculate the underlying value of a house, they respond to expected capital gains. Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith define a bubble as a scenario where the equilibrium price of an asset is higher than the present value of the anticipated cash flow from the asset (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). Nonetheless, fundamental values may rise rapidly (for example an increase in population and therefore an incre ase in the acquisitions of houses for their use as opposed to expected capital gains, or an increase in rent) may stimulate a legitimate increase in the prices of houses. Equilibrium house prices may also increase rapidly and not necessarily be considered a bubble if their actual price is lower than their underlying fundamental value. They state that the real defining characteristic of a bubble is when equilibrium market prices cannot be answered for by the assets anticipated cash flow. Case and Shiller refer to the real estate market as being populated by amateurs making infrequent transactions on the basis of limited information and with little or no experience in gauging the fundamental value of the properties they are buying and selling'(Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). If this is true and I believe it was, in Dubai, to a certain extent (through knowing investors on a personal level) how can one expect for fundamental values to equal market prices? Most agents within the real estate market i.e. brokers, buyers and sellers seem to use what is known as comps when dealing within the real estate market. Comps are the latest sale prices of homes with similar specifications within the same area. Comps tell us how much other individuals are prepared to pay but not whether these prices are justified by the fundamental value (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). Attempting to demonstrate whether market prices differ from fundamental prices isnt easy. Figures for average real estate prices are infamously imperfect. This is mainly due to the fact that houses are not homogenous in their specifications and environments. However, the National City Corporation use a multiple regression which considers a ratio of house prices to household income in a given area to mortgage rates, population density, the ratio of household income in the given area to the national average and historical prices to determine how much actual prices deviate from their real values (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). The reason a ratio of house price and household income is used is based on theory by Karl case and Shiller that argue that housing prices are a bubble waiting to pop if the average investor is priced out of the market'(Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). There are problems with this model e.g. the historic house prices may not be based on fundamental value. Some economists including Edward Leamer argue that if house prices have increased in a larger proportion than rents a bubble exists (Margaret Hwang Smith and Gary Smith, 2006). I will attempt to look at rents versus house prices in my critical analysis section of the dissertation to determine whether this was apparent in Dubai. I will also attempt to look at the population density because I believe that it is relevant to fundamental value because an increase in population causes an increase in the demand for residential properties that will be used as dwellings. Minsky stated that a fundamental value of an asset was to do with is use and the income (rent) generated from the asset. 2.6 A brief look at the recent financial crisis in the USA. Hyman minsky stated in his interpretation of a bubble that euphoria or depression in one country can be contagious and spill over into another. I believe that the bursting of the real estate bubble in the states and the subsequent lack of worldwide credit was highly influential in the bursting of Dubais housing bubble. As per usual the great real estate and leverage bubble in the US of 2007 was instigated by a pervasive macroeconomic displacement. Prior to the 2000s banks would give loans to home owners and keep those loans as assets in their books (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). However, post 2000 the entire banking system changed. Banks carried on issuing loans for mortgages but instead of holding them as assets on their books they would keep them for a short period of time and then sell them on to investment banks who would bundle different loans with different credit ratings into mortgage backed securities, also known as collateralized debt obligations (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). Loans are split into different risk classes or tranches. So, low risk loans and high risk loans are bundled together and sold as one financial product which was deemed a good investment. This caused deterioration in lending standards (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). Employees in charge of originating loans to clients were reckless when assessing the risk of the individuals potential default especially when dealing with subprime mortgages because they knew that the bank was only going to hold these loans for a short period of time and then pass them on. Insurance companies were also insuring subprime loans with credit default swaps because they were too nave to foresee mass defaults. These innovations in the banking system made credit easily accessible to individuals who may have not been considered credit worthy before these changes (subprime). Many financial institutions held vast amounts of these new bundled securities based around mortgages and held less equity backed securities and increased their leverage ratios (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010) making them very vulnerable in the case of a crash. Highly accessible credit at attractive rates due to lowered lending standards led to a huge bubble in the prices of houses. The inflation adjusted price of a commonplace home was roughly identical in 1999 as it was in 1899; however, between 2000 and 2006 real home prices doubled (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). This is portrayed in the following line graph based on data from the Case-Shiller home price index in the US. Figure 2 Case-Shiller Home price index, 1989 = 100. Source: (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010) As you can see from the graph there is a rapid ascent in prices from around 2000 followed by a quick fall in prices starting in 2007. Prices began to decline and euphoria turned to fear. Houses were worth less than the amount of money owed to the banks and individuals began to default in mass. With massive amounts of defaults occurring, the value of the bundled mortgage backed securities or collaterized debt obligations (cdos) decreased rapidly. Many highly leveraged financial institutions holding long term assets financed by the short term mortgage backed securities did not have sufficient liquidity to continue to function (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). All credit markets were frozen, excluding the US Treasury securities markets and financial institutions did not have sufficient liquidity to cover their short term debts. In the case of a bank an example of a short term debt is a deposit and people began to fear for their deposits and runs on banks happened in the US and UK institutions with vast amount of money invested in the US housing market e.g. Northern Rock. The US government was forced to bail out a number of financial institutions to prevent a total financial collapse (Burton G. Malkiel, 2010). Banks all over the world became cautious about lending money. Amlak finance Dubai stopped lending money all together and I think this was significant in the bursting of the bubble; it ties in directly with Minskys model of cyclical changes in the supply of credit. Panic struck and a worldwide financial crisis ensued. 3 Critical Analysis In this section of my dissertation I will evaluate real life data and literature about the situation in Dubai. What caused the rapid increase in price in the housing market? and what caused the resultant rapid decline in prices. 3.1 Displacement. Economists appear to agree that every bubble starts with a displacement. A macroeconomic change, or innovation, that induces pervasive adjustments in how agents within the economy behave and perceive the future. It can also be considered a paradigm shift. In the case of the .com bubble the displacement was the availability of the interweb to mass users. In the case of the recent housing and leverage bubble of the US the displacement was innovations in the banking system and the creation of new bundled financial products and collaterized debt obligations. In Dubai I believe that there were three displacing factors: The first displacing factor occurred in May 2002. Dubai was never rich in oil like its neighbouring emirate Abu Dhabi so it focused on creating a hub for tourism and commerce. It also promoted the development of real estate. In 1997 publicly quoted Emaar Properties and Al Nakheel Properties were setup (http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/articles/freehold_property.php). In 1998 emaar started developing the Dubai Marina and the Emirates Living Community; however, properties within these developments were released on leasehold contracts which mean that properties are leased out for ninety years as opposed to being owned freehold. These developments were not successful in the market. People were sceptical about the leasehold contracts. Things changed in May 2002 when the crown prince General Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktum implemented a new law, stating that ex pats were able to buy property in certain areas of Dubai. The following graph shows all transactions from 1994. The graph is based on data from REIDIN.com a company that provides data and information covering all deals and transactions in Dubai since 1973. The company is an exclusive partner of the Dubai Land Department the real estate registry for the emirate. (REIDIN, DUBAI FOCUS, 2010) Figure 3 Quantity of transactions in Dubai from 1994 (Reidin.com, DubaiFocus, 2010) The graph shows that as of the changes in law about the ownership of real estate from 2002 there is not a significant increase in the quantity of transactions. In fact, there is a decline in transactions until 2005 when quantity of transactions increase rapidly from there onwards. I would still, however, consider the innovations in the legislation behind the ownership of property a displacement because without the changes, ex pats would never have been able to own property on a freehold basis and the bubble would never have happened. I say this because the vast majority of investments into the property market have come from expatriate sources. See the following chart which depicts the value of transactions by nationality. Figure 4 Value (AED) of property transactions by nationality from 1973 (Reidin.com, DubaiFocus, 2010) As you can see from the chart foreign investment is very significant in value and this could never have happened if the changes in legislation had not been made. Also, cross border transactions are a key in the creation of a bubble and as you can see from figure 4 cross border transactions are huge. Another displacing factor was hype generated by the media about talks of a new GCC currency called the Khaleeji. Talks were being had about the possibility of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain creating a new currency for their states. These talks were being had around 2006/2007 and nothing was ever finalised but if it was to happen, especially at a point in time when the dollar was weak, this new currency would be valued higher than the specific currencies of the gulf states and investments in these countries would appear even more attractive to speculators as they would rise in value from the creation of a new currency. This ties in with the next displacing factor which is the weakness of the dollar due to financial fragility in the US. In the Spring of 2006 the dollar weakened dramatically due to financial instability in the US. Towards the end of 2006 it looked as if the exchange rate was rising towards $2. In April 2007 the Dollar depreciated to over $2 and on the 27th of July 2007 it got to $2.06 the weakest it has been since 1981, it continued to fluctuate around $2 for the next five months and on the 9th of November 2007 it was $2.11. After this point, on average, the pound began to decline in value as the global recession hit the UK. The importance of this analysis about the dollar exchange rate is that it shows that from around 2006 until 2008 the dollar was relatively weak compared to the pound. Transactions for Real Estate were booming during this period as portrayed in figure 3 and a huge portion of these transactions were fuelled by investment from the United Kingdom as portrayed in figure 4. I therefore believe that the weak dollar was statistically significant in the increase of transactions from UK investors. The exchange rate of the Dollar versus the Indian Rupee shows a similar story. From around January 2007 the dollar declines in value against the rupee to a peak of around 39 rupee to the dollar. Compare this to a value of around 55 rupee in 2003. Again the weakness of the dollar compared to the Indian rupee can be argued to have catalysed vast investment from Indian investors from 2006 as the dollar was depreciating until late 2008 when the global crisis begun to have consequences on other nations e.g. India and the UK. I therefore consider this a displacement which lead to increases in transactions, increases in prices of property and overly optimistic expected prices. Refer to graphs of the dollar exchange rates versus the pound and rupee in the appendix section of the dissertation. 3.2 Euphoria/overtrading If you refer back to Nial Fergusons five stage bubble model you will see that after a pervasive macroeconomic displacement in the economy, if it is tending towards a bubble situation, an economy will experience euphoria, also referred to as overtrading. Rising expected profits induce the appreciation in value of assets and shares. Investment soars because credit is in abundance. If you refer back to figure 1 you will see that prices begin to rise steadily from 2005/2006. The number of transactions also increases rapidly from around the same period. Nial Ferguson also talks about the abundance of credit; this too ties in with minskys model of the pro cyclical supply of credit. It implies that many of these transactions were fuelled by credit or leveraged. Again this is similar to what was happening in the US before their crash. The following line graph shows the percentage of residential transactions fuelled by credit or leveraged. I have also included the percentage of residential transactions that are classed as other. I have put other transaction types into the equation because a substantial amount of transactions are classed as other. other refers to transactions that are none of the following transaction types: sale, mortgage, leasing, valuation, grant, rent, compensation and pre-registration. Im not entirely sure as to what types of transaction would be considered as other. This, I will consider a limitation in my data; however, this is data provided by a governmental entity and censorship is alive and well in Dubai. Figure 5 Percentage of residential transactions leveraged with credit. What figure 5 shows is a steady increase in the percentage of transactions fuelled by credit until 2006 when there is a vast decline in this percentage and a continuous decrease until 2009. I wonder if the global credit crunch caused by the US crash hit Dubai much earlier than people thought, however why did prices not stop falling until late 2008/2009?. There is a visible pattern here; as transactions leveraged by mortgages decreases, transactions classed by Dubai Land Department the real estate registry for the emirate as other increase. This appears to be rather dubious in my opinion; maybe the global credit crunch hit Dubai but in an attempt to maintain high prices until ruthless inside investors with asymmetries of information could leave the market with huge profits the quantity of transactions was kept high by the government, who have invested interests. Emaar Properties and Al Nakheel Properties are publicly quoted companies but ownership is predominately by wealthy governme ntal authorities. We all know that OPEC controls the supply of oil to maintain high prices; maybe something similar happened with property in Dubai. Nial Ferguson does mention ruthless inside investors have played a significant role in past bubbles; I think this could be apparent here. (Nial Ferguson, 2008, 2009). The graph shows that vast amounts of credit were used to leverage investments until 2006 when the amount declines rapidly. Probably because banks were influenced by the credit crunch in the US and feared they may have inadequate liquidity. I will analyse the pro cyclical supply of credit in a later section of my dissertation. 3.3 Mania/Bubble and distress Nial Ferguson refers to the next the next stage as mania or bubble, where first time investors are enticed to the market and seasoned investors who can predict a crash scramble to sell their investments at a profit before the crash. If you refer back to figure 3 that shows the quantity of transactions I would say that the mania/bubble stage was occurring from 2007 to 2008 at when the quantity of transactions are skyrocketing. At this point too, prices are still very high (refer back to figure 1). The closer to late 2008 the sillier the investment, as bubble bursts in october 2008. Therefore transactions around about this time have to be from first time investors who cannot see a crash. This is referred to by Nial ferguson as the distress period. 3.4 Revulsion/discredit Prices begin to plummet and the herd stampedes to exit the market causing the bubble to implode. This is apparent in late 2008 and 2009. Transactions stay high (Figure 3) but prices are declining rapidly (40 percent on average). So, investors are struck by fear and rush to sell properties even if it is done at significant los

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

International Eugenics Essay -- Sociology

Throughout the history of international relations, the study of human diversity has held a key role in establishing the political principles and recognized shared culture that defines nationhood. Nations have traditionally been associated with a specific geographic location and political ideology, but they also have ethnical identifiers associated with this shared culture. These ethnical identifiers were thrust onto the world stage during the end of the nineteenth century with the introduction of the study of eugenics. The purpose of this study is to examine the historiography of the eugenics movement as it occurred globally, providing a comparative survey of programs, legislation and ideologies in multiple nation settings. In order to provide a global comparative study of international eugenic programs and ideologies, several disciplines will be followed, focusing on four major terms used to delineate eugenics, â€Å"population, quality, territory, and nation.† Although eugenics has been seriously examined by historians since the 1960’s, international comparisons are a recent addition to the field of research, emerging near the end of the twentieth century. Even as these comparative studies become more popular, the majority of this research focuses on eugenics in Britain, Germany, and the United States. For these reasons, this study will attempt to highlight the movement outside of the Western world only drawing on their historiography as precedents throughout the global community. In 1963, Mark H. Haller published Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought. As the first major history of American eugenics, Haller encapsulated the movement and only hinted at the biological doctrines of the Nazi’s and Soviet Union. Haller... ...155. Stepan, Nancy. The Hour of Eugenics: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 4. Broberg, Gunnar, and Nils Roll-Hansen. Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland. (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1996), 2. Dikà ¶tter, Frank. Imperfect Conceptions: Medical Knowledge, Birth Defects, and Eugenics in China. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 2. Cleminson, Richard. Anarchism, Science, and Sex: Eugenics in Eastern Spain, 1900-1937. (Oxford: New York: P. Lang, 2000), 11. Chung, Yuehtsen Juliette. Struggle for National Survival: Eugenics in Sino-Japanese Contexts, 1896-1945. (New York: Routledge, 2002), 145. Bucur, Maria. Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania. (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002), 5.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

The Graphic Adaptation of The Cask of Amontillado

Refugeeland recounts Sacco's experience in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, highlighting the difficult and unpleasant conditions that the Palestinian people were facing regarding the Israeli occupation of Palestine and the Gulf War in the early nineties.Joe Sacco's writing focuses upon the day to day experiences of a Palestinian from an outsider's perspective. His meticulous drawings and eyewitness reporting style combine to create a very compelling and complex visual. Edgar Allen Poe was an American author, living from January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849, Poe is best known for his thrilling and macabre short stories. His final short story, The Cask of Amontillado, is a gloomy tale of murderous revenge, set in the catacombs of Italy, and embedded with symbolism told from a first-person narrative.Poe is a master of allegorical writing, his eerie works compel the reader to explore hidden meanings and ideas concealed within his works. Fantographics Books should strongly consider combining he artistic and literary talents of both Joe Sacco and Edgar Allen Poe to create a graphic novel, the detail filled drawings and intellectually stimulating narrative are guaranteed to appeal to the sophisticated and cultured readership of Fantographics Books. Context: Graphic novels are very important to literature. They can illuminate and expose parts of a story to a reader that would otherwise be hidden within the text.Through the use of visual imagery, the reader can gain more information and decipher parts of the story from a graphic novel that would other wise be assumed or lost in the text alone, such as the author's intent. Graphic novels can also be read by a much larger audience than text stories, this is due to the fact that graphic novels do not solely rely on the text to tell the story. This would be most beneficial for publishing a story in an international market where the story would have to be translated to different languages. The reader can view the image s and interpret the overarching idea of the story without having to read the text.An example of this can be seen in Robert Crumb's visual interpretation of Franz Kafka's short story, A Hunger Artist. The text version of the story was originally written in German, the story was then translated to English and many other languages around the world. Because of the difference in translations, some of the original meaning behind the story may have been lost. The difference between the text and illustrated versions of the story are very noticeable. An example can be seen in the different descriptions of artist himself. In Kafka's version, the hunger artist is described as â€Å"†¦ pale figure with enormously protruding ribs†¦. nodding politely†¦. answering questions with a forced smile†¦ † (465). In the graphic version of the story, Crumbs depiction is very different from realistic. While it akes no textual description of the hunger artist, it illustrates him as a very disturbed and reclusive man sitting in the back ot an animal cage, ne is not nodding politely or smiling, and he also appears to be on the verge of death (927). The visual depiction from the graphic novel aids in transforming the readers understanding of the text, otherwise the reader may be lost in translation.Why â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Joseph Sacco: The descriptive details of a captivating story should be at the forefront of importance when beginning to create a graphic novel. It will eventually become the oundation for the drawings. Without such detail, the graphic novel will be unappealing to most readers, and because of this, the sales of the novel will suffer. For the best possible outcome regarding readership and sales, Fantographics Books should publish an illustrated version of Edgar Allan Poe's short horror-story, The Cask of Amontillado.Poe's dark and eerie narrative depicts the death of a person by being buried alive from a murder's perspective. The story is overflowing with vivd imagery and detail. One such example from the story would be when the main character Montresor begins to lead Fortunato down the stairs into the catacombs of Montresor, â€Å"l took their sconces two flambeaux, and giving one to Fortunato, bowed him through several suites of rooms to the archway that lead into the vaults.I passed down a long and winding staircase, requesting him to be cautious as he followed. We came to the length to the foot of the descent, and stood together on the damp ground of the catacombs of Montresor† (724). It is clear to see how much detail is bound into one small paragraph, his choice in adjectives and his use of first-person pronouns such s â€Å"We† and â€Å"l† allow the reader to envision them selves in the story, which is an excellent starting point for developing a drawing.Poe establishes a very absorbing and thrilling tale through his use of such imagery, and this is precisely why Fantographi cs Books should strongly consider publishing an illustrated graphic version of The Cask of Amontillado. The artist who could best illustrate the graphic version of The Cask of Amontillado would be Joe Sacco. Joe Sacco has a background in journalistic reporting, a career that requires serious attention to detail to clearly and ccurately relay all of the facts in a news story.In his artistic renderings, Joe Sacco uses an exorbitant amount of detail, which would mesh well with the many details and symbolisms within Poe's writings. One such example would be from Joe Sacco's graphic novel Refugeeland. The illustration in particular is on the second page of the story. It is a two page spread that depicts an arial view of a city. The graphic weight of the image leads the viewer's eye around the drawing, the primary source being Sacco's use of crosshatching to fill the different spacial grounds.It is filled with all of he normal things one would see in a city, such as buildings, cars, and p eople, except every possible space in the spread is filled with the tiniest detail. There are no text boxes or areas for dialogue on this spread, allowing the viewer to contemplate all of the details in the scene. Sacco makes every part of the image important, he doesnt focus on a particular object or person, which allows for different symbols or elements to be incorporated into the drawing.Poe is an author who uses symbolism is all parts of his writings, including character names, settings, colors, and diction. All of these ymbols work together to create an intellectually stimulating story that causes the reader to pause and reconsider certain aspects hidden within the writing. The aura of mystery surrounding the setting of Edgar Allen Poe's writing combined with the first-person perspectives in the illustrations ot Joe Sacco would make this an exceptional pairing for Fantographics books to publish.Preview: In the middle of the story there is a scene where Montresor and Fortunato a re in the catacombs, it is filled with various complex details describing the ambience of the crypt while the men carry out their vain attempt at finding the Amontillado, â€Å"We assed through a range of low arches, descended, passed on, and descending again, arrived at a deep crypt, in which the foulness of the air caused our flambeaux to glow than flame†¦ the walls had been lined with human remains†¦ † (725). In this scene, Joe Sacco will illustrate a two page splash capturing the entire crypt.In this splash, he will capture the intricate details of the catacombs by using hatching technique done with pen and ink. He will show the men descending past the different arches of the crypt from their perspective to make the reader feel like they are walking into the atacombs with the men too. When he illustrates this scene he will use a range of values to establish the fore, middle, and background, this will encapsulate a very important moment in the story that will lea d the reader's eye across the page and provide an opportunity to place symbols that Poe is known for into the drawing.His use of contrasting values in the scene will also convey the tone, which will be very grim and foreboding. Joe Sacco's elaborate adaptation will be ideal for Poe's mysterious short story. Challenges and Unknowns: Although it may be argued that Joe Sacco's background as a Journalist is not ppropriate for such a monstrous fictional tale like The Cask of Amontillado, especially considering all other artistic possibilities, Joe Sacco is the most qualified artist for the Job.Attention to detail is a major necessity for any artist who is thinking about taking on such a detail-rich story like The Cask of Amontillado, which is brimming with symbolism and subtle details. Joe Sacco's background as a Journalist is perfect for The Cask of Amontillado. In his career he focused upon depicting the perspective of the Palestinian people, his eyewitness style of writing is very fit ting for he firsthand narration that Montresor delivers to the readers, which is evidence of Sacco's ability to transform Poe's writing into a graphic novel.Honorable Mention: Another artistic and literary combination that Fantographics Books could have possibly considered would be the pairing of Art Spiegelman, author and illustrator of Prisoner on the Hell Planet, with A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Spiegelman's simplistic illustrations integrated with the magical realism of Marquez would have made for a very interesting combination. Visually, it ould be very stimulating.Spiegelman has a sort of crazed intensity to his drawings, I think it would have been fun to see the bizarre happenings of A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings portrayed in a woodblock printing style. Ultimately, I decided to work with Sacco and Poe because visually and allegorically there is so much more to work with. I enjoy the macabre and thrilling nature of Poe's writing more than magical realism that Marquez is known for. I also enjoy the realistic and complex style that Joe Sacco has as compared with Art Spiegelman, whose drawings are rather flat and disorganized.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Beetle Juice essays

Beetle Juice essays The first thing I look at when evaluating a film is the genres. I like to know what type of picture is it. The storyline is also very important to me. The movie and style Ive always loved as a kid, is the style that Tim Burton used in his film Beetlejuice produced in 1988 in USA. This film exploits and emphasizes supernatural and surrealism, because of effects produced by unnatural, non-ordinary to our everyday life. Strange lightning and camera angles make this film a formalist style of film. Special effects always make me have a different view of a movie. Afterlife I think, is something everyone thinks and wonders about and Burton gave us all a little taste of his interpretation, and its greatly seen in his style. Surreal and the unnatural films are always much more interesting because its not something we see often. I guess originality plays a very immense task, when evaluating a film. Genres is something that has a great importance to the film and storyline. Alt! hough everyone has their own favorite genres, it seems as though every once in a while, people sort of fall in type of genres. This greatly seen with Hollywood films, sometimes two or three westerns come out at the same time and later on, two or three action, boxing movies come together. So there is a time where we, without realizing it, fall for these genres. ...