Origins of the à in Spanish

Starting points of the Ã' in Spanish The Spanish letter à ± is unique with Spanish and has gotten one of its most particular composed highlights. Where Did the Ã' Come From? As you could most likely theory, the à ± came initially from the letter n. The à ± didn't exist in the Latin letters in order and was the consequence of developments around nine centuries back. Starting in about the twelfth century, Spanish recorders (whose activity it was to duplicate reports by hand) utilized the tilde set over letters to show that a letter was multiplied (so that, for instance, nn became à ± and aa became ). How Is the Ã' Used Today? The notoriety of the tilde for different letters in the end wound down, and by the fourteenth century, the à ± was the main spot it was utilized. Its starting points can be found in a word, for example, aã ±o (which implies year), as it originates from the Latin word annus with a twofold n. As the phonetic idea of Spanish got set, the à ± came to be utilized for its sound, not only for words with a nn. Various Spanish words, for example, seã ±al and campaã ±a, that are English cognates utilize the à ± where English uses gn, for example, in sign and battle, separately. The Spanish à ± has been replicated by two different dialects that are spoken by minorities in Spain. It is utilized in Euskara, the Basque language that is random to Spanish, to speak to around a similar sound as it has in Spanish. It is additionally utilized in Galician, a language like Portuguese. (Portuguese uses nh to speak to a similar sound.) Moreover, three centuries of Spanish pioneer rule in the Philippines prompted the appropriation of numerous Spanish words in the national language, Tagalog (otherwise called Pilipino or Filipino). The à ± is among the letters that have been added to the conventional 20 letters of the language. And keeping in mind that the à ± isnt part of the English letters in order, it as often as possible is utilized via cautious essayists when utilizing embraced words, for example, jalapeã ±o, piã ±a colada, or piã ±ata and in the spelling of individual and spot names. In Portuguese, the tilde is set over vowels to demonstrate that the sound is nasalized. That utilization of the tilde has no clear immediate association with the utilization of the tilde in Spanish. The Rest of the Story After this article was distributed, this site got extra data from Robert L. Davis, partner educator of Spanish from the University of Oregon: A debt of gratitude is in order for remembering the intriguing page for the historical backdrop of the à ±. In a couple of spots you express vulnerability about a portion of the subtleties of this history; beneath I offer the data you have to finish the story. The explanation the tilde shows up over a N (as in Latin ANNU Sp. aã ±o) and Portuguese vowels (Latin MANU Po. mo) is that recorders composed a little letter N over the former letter in the two cases, to spare space in original copies (material was costly). As the two dialects grew phonetically away from Latin, the twofold N sound of Latin transformed into the current palatal nasal sound of the Ã', and Portuguese N between vowels got erased, leaving its nasal quality on the vowel. So perusers and authors started to utilize the old spelling stunt to demonstrate the new sounds that didn't exist in Latin. (Its extremely pleasant the manner in which you confined the Ã' as the main Spanish letter of Spanish starting point!) Likewise of expected enthusiasm to your perusers: The word tilde really alludes to both the squiggle over the Ã' just as the complement mark used to stamp phonetic pressure (e.g., cafã ©). There is even the action word tildarse, which implies, to be composed with a highlight mark, to worry, as in La palabra cafã © se tilda en la e.The one of a kind character of the letter Ã' has prompted its turning into a marker of Hispanic personality lately. There is presently a generaciã ³n Ã', the offspring of Spanish-talking guardians in the U.S. (corresponding to Generation X, and so on.), an adapted Ã' is the logo of the Cervantes Institute (cervantes.es), thus forth.The squiggle under the à § in Portuguese and French has a comparative source as the à ±. It is known as a cedille, which means little Z. It originates from the little of the Old Spanish name for the letter Z, ceda. It was utilized to speak to the ts sound in Old Spanish, which no longer exists in the language. E.g., O.Sp. caã §a (katsa) Mod. Sp. caza (casa or catha).Re staurants in the U.S. presently offer dishes made with an exceptionally fiery pepper, the habanero, which is as often as possible misspoke and incorrectly spelled as habaã ±ero. Since the name originates from La Habana, the capital of Cuba, this pepper ought not have Ã'. I think the name has been sullied by jalapeã ±o, which obviously is basically a pepper from Jalapa, Mexico.

Financial Reporting of Tiger Resources Limited

Question: Talk about theFinancial Reporting of Tiger Resources Limited. Answer: Presentation As per Hennes (2014), unforeseen liabilities and resources allude to the future potential resources and liabilities; then again, arrangement alludes to the spared sum that is kept aside to cover the future liabilities. The monetary report of each organization incorporates these two previously mentioned segments of bookkeeping. The Australian Company, Tiger Resources Limited has been taken to assess a few parts of possibility and arrangements. The principle activity of the organization is to find, create and investigate copper or cobalt stores. The different phases of this reports assists with demonstrating different connection among possibility and arrangement with legitimate model from the 2015 Annual Report of the organization (www.tigerresources.com.au 2016). Acknowledgment Criteria According to the rules of Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB), there are some particular measures to perceive the arrangements and unexpected liabilities or resources of an organization. The measure which is trailed by Tiger Resources Limited is talked about beneath: Arrangements According to the 2015 Annual Report of Tiger Resources Limited, the organization keeps certain guidelines while perceiving the arrangements. There are three sorts of arrangements in the organization that is legitimate cases, acceptable commitments and administration guarantees. These arrangements are perceived when the organization has an ongoing commitment because of the event of some past occasions (Elder et al. 2016). Normally, these occasions will cause the outpouring of money from the organization as these commitments should be settled. For the settlement of commitment, Tiger Resources Limited uses to make the arrangement out of the benefit of the organization. There are no principles for arrangement for the future misfortunes of the organization. The measure of cash of the arrangement depends on the idea of the commitment. There are both little and large measure of arrangements in the organization (www.tigerresources.com.au 2016). Unexpected Liabilities or Assets Tiger Resources Limited has been following the rules of AASB to perceive the unexpected liabilities and unforeseen resources. The organization will consider an occasion as unexpected obligation when there is a capability of money outpouring soon because of some pat occasions. In contrast to the arrangements, it isn't generally important that there will an outpouring of money in unexpected liabilities. There is a chance of repayment (Barker and McGeachin 2013). Then again, if there is a chance of money surge sooner rather than later because of some past occasions, the occasion will be considered as unexpected resources. Unforeseen resources and liabilities don't show up in a critical position sheet of the organization (www.tigerresources.com.au 2016). Distinction Between Contingent Liability Provisions There are sure contrasts exist between the arrangements and the unexpected liabilities. The distinction begins from the definition. Arrangement is the ensured money surge because of certain episodes. Then again, unexpected liabilities demonstrate the potential surge of money because of some past occasions. If there should be an occurrence of arrangements, the commitment is available that requests the surge of assets sooner rather than later. Along these lines, here the risk is perceived. Notwithstanding, there is a commitment present in the unexpected liabilities, however the risk isn't perceived. Thus, there might be a future money outpouring. The chance of surge of assets is remote here (Lagrange, Viger and Anandarajan 2015). The measure of future income if there should be an occurrence of unexpected liabilities can be assessed in arrangements; however in a large portion of the cases, the measure of money surge can't be evaluated in unforeseen liabilities. The arrangements are considered as costs and they are appeared in the Profit and Loss A/c of the organization. Then again, the unexpected liabilities are not considered as the correct liabilities of the organization. In this manner, they are appeared as commentaries under the monetary record of the organization. These are the fundamental contrasts among arrangement and unexpected liabilities (www.aasb.gov.au 2016). Instances of Provisions and Contingent Liabilities There are sure cases in the Annual Report of Tiger Resources Limited which can be considered as the unforeseen risk and arrangements. One model from every part of Tiger Resources Limited is talked about underneath: Unforeseen Liability The case of Tiger Resource Limiteds unforeseen risk is the measure of personal expense form for the year finished 31st December, 2014. The assessment sum in that period is under survey by the principles of standard yearly expense review method. The organization has gotten notice from the duty office in the wake of paying the expense for the budgetary year 2012 and 2013. According to the organization, there is no legitimate commitment that the organization needs to settle the duty. Notwithstanding, there is as yet an opportunity that the organization may need to pay the assessment sum soon. This expense instance of Tiger Resources Limited has a future vulnerability whether the organization needs to pay the sum or not. This circumstance is the ideal case of an unforeseen risk. The sum isn't fixed. Then again, there is a vulnerability over the installment of the duties. This is an ideal case of unexpected risk in the books of Tiger Resources Limited. This sum won't show up in any fiscal summary of the organization, yet will be appeared under the asset report as reference (www.asx.com.au 2016). Arrangements Arrangement alludes to the setting aside of cash or assets for the future occasions of the organizations. According to the 2015 Annual Report of Tiger Resources Limited, there are non-current arrangements in the organization. As per the 2015 Annual Report of the organization, the measure of non-current arrangement for the year 2014 is $ 5,609,000 and for the year 2015 is $ 3,598,000. Among the measure of 2015, there are three chunks. They are representative advantages long leave arrangements, restoration arrangement and different arrangements. From the above details, it tends to be seen that the arrangement measure of 2015 is less that the measure of 2014. That implies the organization has an all around characterized arrangement the board plan. It isn't alluring to have a major measure of arrangement as arrangements consistently make the net benefit little. There is a hole of $ 2,011,000 ($ 5,609,000 - $ 3,598,000) somewhere in the range of 2015 and 2014. This is a gigantic improveme nt for Tiger Resources Limited (www.tigerresources.com.au 2016). Estimation Valuation There are sure proportions of valuation of the arrangements and unexpected liabilities or resources. These measures have been created by the Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB). In light of the sort of activity, the organizations pick their own proportions of valuation of arrangements and contingents (Walker 2012). The estimation forms are examined underneath: Arrangements Tiger Resources Limited estimates the arrangements based on present worth. The administration initially predicts the best estimation of the arrangement which is required to settle down the commitments and the utilizations the rebate rate to survey the current estimation of the arrangements. This measure incorporates different angles. To evaluate the current worth, the time estimation of the cash is determined. Then again, the hazard engaged with the procedure should be examined. In the wake of utilizing the rebate rate, the pre charge estimation of the arrangements can be acquired. On account of restoration arrangement, a similar strategy is applied that is the current worth technique. The commitments of arrangement must be chosen the equalization date (Barth 2013). Unforeseen Liabilities or Assets The ascent of unforeseen resources and liabilities relies upon the event of some future episodes. There isn't any standard of demonstrating the unforeseen resources and liabilities in any fiscal summaries. Nonetheless, they are appeared as the references under the accounting report. Accordingly, there are no particular models to gauge the unforeseen liabilities and resources. Tiger Resources Limited has embraced the reasonable worth technique to figure the measure of unexpected resources and liabilities. In his technique, Tiger Resources Limited uses to compute the estimation of unexpected liabilities at the hour of settlement by utilizing the limiting element and acquire the estimation of the liabilities (Jin, Shan and Taylor 2015). These are the applied models utilized by Tiger Resources Limited to discover the estimation of arrangements and unforeseen liabilities or resources. From the above conversation, it tends to be inferred that Tiger Resources Limited utilize reasonable incentive just as present worth strategy for the counts. Suggestions According to the above conversation, it very well may be inferred that arrangements and contingents are the two significant part of the business. The bookkeepers must contemplate these viewpoints while setting up the yearly report of an organization. It is very clear that when a business is working, it will some uncertain cases. Then again, these cases must be settled in not so distant future and thus there ought to be insurances as arrangements and contingents. The two arrangements and contingents have a similar importance somewhat. Anyway there is a tremendous hole among arrangement and contingents. As such, arrangement is sure where contingents are not sure. There are two models given from the 2015 Annual Report of Tiger Resources Limited. The primary model is about the unexpected risk of the organization and the subsequent model is about the bookkeeping arrangements of the organization (Hausman 2012). In the primary model it has been indicated that there is an uncertain case exists in the 2015 Annual Report of Tiger Resources Limited. The case is about the arrival of personal duty for the money related year 2014. The issue is under the survey of the assessment and review authority. Tiger Resources Limited has thought about the aggregate sum as unforeseen risk. That implies there is a likelihood that the organization either needs to pay the cash in future or not. If there should be an occurrence of unexpected liabilities, money outpouring is questionable. In this manner

Human Sexuality Paper Essay Example for Free

Human Sexuality Paper Essay At the point when I was relegated this paper, I needed to pick a paraphilia that I misjudged the most. Individuals who have sexual twistedness issue have visit dreams about sexual excitement comes about because of causing mental or physical enduring on a sexual accomplice, even mortification and agony. This isn’t only a typical demonstration of harsh sex. In the most pessimistic scenarios sexual perversion includes assault, torment, and even homicide, the demise of the casualty produces sexual fervor. Individuals who take their sexual dependence on these levels need mental assistance or to be imprisoned. The excitement for these individuals is the dread where they find in their casualties. Be that as it may, not all instances of perversion are so genuine. Some are additionally individuals who don't torment so awful. This is known as sadomasochism. With this issue, individuals are amazingly stirred by being tied up by their accomplice. Numerous typical couples utilize hitting, tying up, and a touch of power for fore play. This isn't to be mixed up with perversion.. This is in reality normal and sort of a prevailing fashion now. There are sex stores that sell the sort of items for this kind of foreplay, for example, collars, whips, and a wide range of toys. There are various mental hypotheses about twistedness. Most are dependent on cases contemplates. Freud had two distinct perspectives on the twistedness. First he imagined that forcefulness with sexuality was desires. Be that as it may, he likewise felt that right off the bat in life youngsters may have seen a sexual demonstration or sex of their folks when they were simply kids. There were additionally analysts that however that kids created twistedness when their overseers bring sexual delight and deny it while starting latrine preparing or forestall asturbation. Analyst in some cases accept that an individual builds up a mental engraving during some previous sexual involvement with times.. Others accept that it is a moderate procedure that relates back to when the individual gets excited and they at that point recall and strengthen it further down the road during sex. A ton of men when asked can recall occurrences in adolescence or early youthful that activated them to get stimulated. Treatment Someone with sexual twistedness may never get known to the general population, treatment or law implementation. On the off chance that individuals can constrain their sexual twistedness to istinct levels in a relationship, it is entirely controllable and not unsafe if the accomplice is willing, which frequently can occur. For the ones who are brought to the consideration of police authorities the twistedness has normally made itself into risky movement that have hurt others Conclusion In my contemplations, I feel that numerous and a great many people have sexual driving forces that they are embarrassed about. The greater part of which are not hurtful, notwithstanding, I do accept that people that are unsafe to others need different assets and help with their condition to forestall the harm that is conceivable. Some hold in inclinations for such a long time that they are essentially wild seemingly out of the blue. I feel any person with these sentiments need to look for advising and attempt to stick point reasons and methods of dying down their urges directly off the bat. On the off chance that the individual influenced is a genuine risk to society, at that point society needs to take genuine measures to guarantee everyone’s security. Individuals who decide not to look for treatment could be only your normal nearby neighbor who looks and acts totally ordinary. And afterward abruptly one day they snap and become a risk to who ever is around them. This is worried for everybody in the public eye.

Black Death Essays (689 words) - Plague, Second Plague Pandemic

Dark Death In the 1340's, around 33% to one a large portion of the number of inhabitants in Europe was cleared out by what was called ?The Black Death?. The individuals of the time were outfitted with practically zero comprehension of why and how the plague occurred and how to control it; and this took into account the tremendous obliteration that happened in minimal over three years time. The starting point of the scourge has, with little uncertainty, been distinguished as Lake Issyk-Koul in what is currently a piece of Russian Central Asia. A flood, or some other cataclysmic event, drove different rodents from their living spaces around the lake; and with them they conveyed bugs contaminated with the plague. A types of wild rodents typically detached from mankind spread the plague to the more typical dark rodent, which has been riding on board delivers since man initially set sail. The plague at that point followed the exchange courses all over Europe. ?Boats showed up from Caffa at the port of Messina, Sicily. A couple of kicking the bucket men clung to the paddles; the lay dead on the decks... Boats that conveyed the pined for merchandise of the mythical East currently likewise conveyed demise. The Pestilence had gone to the shores of Europe? (Wark). The records of the plague recount the manifestations being ?tumors in the crotch or the armpits' and ?dark outraged spots on the arm or thigh', run of the mill side effects of Bubonic plague. In any case, Bubonic plague typically takes a few days to kill, and numerous records recount casualties falling dead inside one day of getting the sickness. The difference in the instances of the Black Death are the operations of three strains of the plague: the plague appropriate; an aspiratory (air-borne) form, portrayed by the spewing of blood; and a septicaemic variation, equipped for killing in a few hours, before normal indications can even create. The individuals the plague undermined knew neither the wellspring of the sickness, nor how to shield themselves from it. ?It was said that the reason for the Pestilence or The Great Mortality - fourteenth century names for the virus - was an especially evil arrangement of the planets, or a foul breeze made by ongoing seismic tremors. Different s peculations existed. ?Looks,' as indicated by one medieval doctor, ?could slaughter' ? (Wark). They accepted their best plan of action for evading the plague, was to run from it. At the point when flight was impossible, they endeavored to filter the air by consuming fragrant woods and powders. They stayed inert, practically vegetative, squatted in their homes; on the off chance that one needed to move, he should move gradually. Love, outrage, and hot showers were to be evaded; and, in light of the conviction that terrible drove out awful, potential casualties would spend a half-hour day by day hunkered over a restroom to develop their obstruction. When one gotten the plague, passing was just an issue of time. Doctors quit visiting the decrepit out of dread and the undeniable vanity of their endeavors. They guaranteed the plague must be discipline from God, and in this way outside their ability to control. Cleric despite everything came to convey the last rights, and therefore, they kicked the bucket by the thousand. The impacts of the plague went a long ways past the conspicuous loss of life, into the spirits of people. ? ?A few people unfeelingly kept up that there was no better or more effectual cure against a plague than to flee from it. Influenced by this contention, and saving no idea for anybody however themselves, enormous quantities of people deserted their city, their homes, their family members, their homes and their assets, and set out toward the open country. They kept up that a faultless method of warding off this horrifying wickedness was to drink intensely, appreciate life without limit, circumvent singing and fun, delight the entirety of one's longings at whatever point the open door offered, and disregard the entire thing as one tremendous joke.' - Giovanni Boccaccio, The Decameron? (Wark). In any case, a few people took an alternate perspective on the circumstance. Germany was the middle for two marvels brought forth by the plague the Flagellant development, and a rush of hosti le to Semitism. The Flagellants accepted that by chiding themselves they could turn away the anger of European History

20 Must-Dos Before Finishing College

20 Must-Dos Before Finishing College School is an awesome, supernatural time in a youthful person’s life. Sadly, it doesnt keep going long and there are some must-dos before completing school. There is such a long way to go and encounter. For instance, sharpening the expertise of an ideal barrel stand requires some investment, exertion and a great deal of training. Since the psyche of undergrads is so full from their training, they may overlook there are different things occurring outside the study hall. On the off chance that you are one of those vulnerable spirits that have really gone to most by far of the semester’s addresses, it is time we gave you a legitimate advanced degree. We won’t affront your knowledge by referencing things like going to class alcoholic or going streaking. At this point, you’ve either checked out those works of art or you’ve decided you are an over the top pansy to live on the edge. No, no. Here are 20 must-dos before completing school. Snatch your companions and get the opportunity to work. Get somebody in the bar. Utilize each mushy pickup line you can consider until you really score. Extra focuses in the event that it happens to be the hot barkeep you’ve had your eye on.â This will assist you with being increasingly certain when meeting others. Make all out disorder in a class. Run in and proclaim your undying adoration for the addressing educator or cutie sitting in the first column. To augment the impact, ensure you don’t know the individual. Do a Power Hour. Or on the other hand, at any rate its light form. You are not an undergrad in the event that you havent experienced headache. Peruse this guide on the best way to fix headache quick. Make out of here somebody who is thoroughly out of your alliance. Every individual pulls in others with specific qualities. You can be clever, appealling, open-heartedâ -locate your solid sides and use them in future. Propose your RA to do somethingâ wrong and fun with you. The fact of the matter is to build up your aptitudes of keeping up great associations with somebody who is more seasoned and more astute than you. Welcome your teacher to go along with you at the bar. Becoming acquainted with your educator better isn't as peculiar as it appears. You are simply expected to assemble great associations with somebody who can assist you with your future profession however dont go too far in understudy instructor relationship. Dissent something †anything. Obviously, you can generally join a gathering who as of now has a strategic brain. Be that as it may, it may be smarter to begin your own dissent. That way, you can put your foot down about something like having eight-hour workday or selling inexpensive food nearby. Visit a remote nation. Invest however much energy there as could reasonably be expected. Lower yourself in the way of life, make new companion, learn other language, attempt surprising nourishment and have a ton of fun! Heres the rundown of goals for understudies. Compose an assessment piece for your school paper. Enthusiastically announce your thoughts regarding an absolutely irrelevant issue nobody thinks about. Or on the other hand, take the contrary assessment on something that is very standard. Set up an exceptional school dormitory party. Set the sweats aside for a night and disapprove of eating administration. Rest outside. With or without a tent. With or without consent from the land owner. Attempt some remote food. Furthermore, no, Chinese doesn’t tally. Or on the other hand pizza. Get something new and intriguing. Extra focuses in the event that you make it a dynamic supper and hit up all the neighborhood cafés you’ve never attempted. Watch out for the Indian nourishment †it can get hot! Pursue a weird class †something absolutely irrelevant to your significant that you could never regularly think about taking. Get your companions to go along with you so you would all be able to be confounded, netted out, or potentially awed together. Here youll discover the rundown of the best time classes you can take in school. Label something nearby. Hurl a little spray painting in an area that is unique/critical to you. Connect with somebody in the stacks at the library. Extra focuses on the off chance that it is a complete abnormal you persuaded to put the reading down for a piece. Pull an alarm. Either do it at 3 AM or in final’s week when everybody is contemplating their cerebrums out. Offer them a merited reprieve. Drink in the library. Drinking in places that are not proper for that can be entertaining. In any case, dont become accustomed to this. Else, it wont be entertaining. It will be simply wrong. Toss a â€Å"Anything But Clothes† ensemble party. A brisk tip: dont get wearing something that can be handily ruined by drinks. Or on the other hand, you should go howe stripped. In the event that its not what you need, pick strong materials for your NOT-garments. Accomplish something lamentable with your hair or to your body. Pink features or a horrible tattoo. Utilize your creative mind. Play on an intramural group. Assemble your companions and join a class for something absolutely ludicrous †like between tube water polo or broomball. Numerous individuals accept school is for facilitating their instruction. In any case, this isn't the main point of school training. School is additionally about experimentation and creating aptitudes which are valuable for your grown-up life.

Conflict in the Empire Book Review Writing Assignment - 550 Words

Conflict in the Empire Book Review Writing Assignment (Book Review Sample) Content: Conflict in the EmpireNameInstructorCourseDateConflict in the EmpireThe American Revolution was a colonial war which took place within the period, 13th April 1765 to 3rd September 1783 between the Great Britain and the American patriots in the thirteen colonies along the Atlantic Ocean. The war ended with a win by the thirteen colonies and a treaty signed in Paris.American Revolution became unavoidable because of various reasons major one being the poor quality of leadership from Grenville who was the acting prime minister. Grenville impacted law forcefully which favored the Britons and targeted the citizens from the thirteen colonies. The acts imposed on the non-Britons was received with a lot negativity by mostly the Americans (Oakes, James, et al 2014). The acts included stamp act which required anything that was printed or formally written was supposed to be on a special stamped paper for which tax must be paid. The intention of the prime minister was to show that they had control and power over their colonies. Some other acts included: sugar act which required that duties were to be charged on all the sugar imported by the colonies.Continuous disagreements in the mode of governing also contributed to the revolution as there was direct conflict between the parliament and colonies. The colonists were left on their own without restrictions hence met the property requirement which required them to vote, on contrary non-Britons were sidelined lived poor lives and did not participate in voting leading to a majority of Britons in parliament, developing hatred by the no- Britons to the parliament and t...

Twentieth Century European Politicization in Context in Under a Cruel Star - Literature Essay Samples

Under a Cruel Star illustrates the sudden oppression of war, and what it is like to be a direct victim of an entire country. Heda Margolius Kovaly documents her experiences during the Holocaust. Focusing predominantly on how she survived one nightmare, just to walk into another: â€Å"You liberate yourself from direct oppression and you sink into something even worse† (Kovaly 29). She demonstrates how overwhelming the wave of hate and suspicion was that crashed over Europe during the twentieth century. Kovaly was living in Prague when she was taken by the Nazis and brought to a concentration camp. She was taken with her parents and nephew, who either died in Lodz or Auschwitz. When her encampment was being marched to another, she knew it was her only chance to escape. The concentration camps were heavily guarded: â€Å"the whole camp is encircled by a second ring called the â€Å"big† or â€Å"outer ring of sentry posts,† also with watchtowers every 150 meters† (Smith 363). Hopelessness was the only possible feeling to exist in these sorts of places. They were militarized death camps that politicized life on a severe level. The politicization of Europe gradually increased after World War One. Specifically, in Germany, because of the burden of blame placed on them for the war. This phase of weakness allowed for more military groups to establish a platform and rise to power. The general population was confused by the war’s outcome and unsettled by the lack of control their government possessed. They began to seek out someone who could take control and return them to a place of power once again. This was a recurring theme throughout European history, especially after the World Wars. People wanted someone to tell them how to survive, and to return to a normal life again. Adolf Hitler was the first to attempt a redemption of authority and respect for Germany. However, he took it to the extreme and utilized hate and fear to gain control over the country. After his reign, people continued to seek out someone with strong command experience. Another reason â€Å"many of our people turned to Communism†¦ [was] out of sheer despair over human nature which showed itself at its very worst after the war† (Kovaly 53). Anti-Semitism was still rampant throughout the country, and even continued to fester during Stalin’s reign as well. However, this time they also wanted someone who promised equality, and fair treatment. Even though that may sound like a utopia, and the polar opposite of Hitler, it was not. Josef Stalin brought totalitarianism with those promises and delivered further torment. However, â€Å"It is not hard for a totalitarian regime to keep people ignorant† (Kovaly 11), because of its all-encompassing dictatorship and censorship. Hitler had openly preyed upon the Jews, the Roma, the Poles, the disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and homosexuals. Basically, those who he considered to be different and not as superior as him. He was on a quest to purify the German race and make it Aryan, the master race. Stalin, on the other hand, conducted secret purges and arrests: â€Å"By 1951, the atmosphere in Prague was almost as bad as it had been during the war† (Kovaly 101). He waged war on his own people, based on primarily uninformed suspicions that made him question the moves of everyone in his Party. Both Hitler and Stalin built the foundations to their Party’s on lies. Hitler emphasized strength and power, in theory a return to being great. However, â€Å"Racial and political prejudice blinded the Nazis to many opportunities† (Paxton 370) and illustrated their ignorance of the world. They did not seem to want a genuine political platform, they really just wanted to commit mass murder and be able to get away with it. Stalin emphasized the power of the working class and what working together can accomplish. Ironically, Stalin had a â€Å"destabilizing effect on the system he controlled† (Paxton 459) because he wanted to control every aspect of the Party. They began by inundating the populace with propaganda, to lay the foundation for their political platforms. Stalin utilized totalitarian propaganda, which featured indirect threats that made people nervous to act out because they could be surveilled and punished for their actions (Arendt). Then, when they are given positions of power, they change their intentions. Their true ideologies appear, and someone is always on the receiving end of their hate. Kovaly’s memoir authentically depicts what it was like to suffer through two oppressive and violent tyrants. The twentieth century in Europe was a pivotal period of war and unrest, with no one truly knowing what to do next. It was a time for political experimentation, and for the idea of power to corrupt the masses. There was a buildup of tensions throughout the decades leading up to World War One and World War Two that made all of the hate explode at each other all at once. Bibliography Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1973. Kovaly, Heda Margolius. Under a Cruel Star. Holmes Meier, 1997. Paxton, Robert O. and Julie Hessler. Europe in the Twentieth Century. Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2012. Smith, Bonnie G.. â€Å"Europe in the Contemporary World: 1900 to the Present.† Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2007.

The Existence Of Gender Discrimination - 2843 Words

The existence of gender discrimination in workplaces is not under dispute (Acker, 2006). In virtually all societies across the world, women are known to be in a lower position in labour market than men. Women are overrepresented in positions at the bottom echelons of organisations; they have less status, prestige, power and authority on the job. Besides, women are segregated into roles and jobs that offer poorer rewards and have fewer opportunities for progression to positions of power (Walby, 1988). Women receive less pay and rewards than men, even if they work in similar jobs with similar levels of responsibility and requiring a similar level of ability (Cockburn, 1992). Although it has been argued that the poorer labour market position†¦show more content†¦Neo-classical economists explain discrimination in labour market in two ways: through the notions of the ‘taste’ for discrimination and through statistical discrimination (Sawyer, 1989They argue that emplo yers exhibit prejudices against certain groups based on their personal belief system. In the case of women, it is suggested that employers discriminate based on the belief that women are not as capable as men in certain roles. An excellent example of this is provided in a litigation case that was brought against the financial services and auditing company Pricewaterhouse Coopers (Case, 2014). Ann Hopkins took her employer to court when she was passed over for promotion in favour of a male colleague in spite of the fact that objective records showed that her performance on the job was far superior to that man’s. The court found that Pricewaterhouse Coopers had discriminated against Hopkins simply because she was a woman, and they did not believe that she would be capable in the new role. Neo classical economists, however, state that this form of discrimination is logical for employers (Sawyer, 1989). This is due to the presence of uncertainty and asymmetric information, as well as the fact that employers are rational in their decision-making. Although information is available in CVs, application forms, and other selection mechanisms, employers are still unable to be certain that any new employees will fully meet the criteria for

Sociological Ideas of Globalization The Rana Plaza

Sociological Ideas of Globalisation: The Rana Plaza Garment Factory Disaster in Dhaka, Bangladesh On the 24th of April 2013, a tragedy occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh, resulting in the deaths of more than 1000 people and the destruction of a nine-story garment factory â€Å"Rana Plaza† (Manik Yardley, n.d.,). However, the unsatisfactory condition of the building was known to employees. The day before the tragedy, several cracks were noticed, yet the owner of the factory ignored the warning by police to suspend the factory. In addition, workers were physically intimidated which shows, illustrating the power of society and the desperation of financial condition as individuals (Hossain, 2013). 80% of the workers at the Rana Plaza were female; this was because their labor was the cheapest in the world, with the minimum income BDT being 3000 taka per month (the equivalent of 37 Australian dollars) (Burke, 2013). This industry represented the international fashion labels in Europe, America, cosmopolitanism and progressive brands such as Benetton etc. Most of the factory†™s textile products were internationally exported, earning foreign currency and allowing it to become the largest industry in Bangladesh. The â€Å"Rana Plaza† was one of the main industry, which maintained the economy and society as individuals in Bangladesh. The power of capital at the Bangladesh level is the arrangement of dominance transnational businesses at the global level, which is a smaller rate of powerfulShow MoreRelatedThe Rana Plaza Building Collapse1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe collapsing of the Rana Plaza building in the Dhaka suburb of Savar, is a tragic incident that occurred on April 24, 2013 (Prashad 2013). The Rana Plaza building was the establishment that had workers who were the commodity of the production of garments that are sold to the Western market. A couple days post-collapse, it was reported that the death toll was well into the triple-digits. This paper will draw on the details of pre- and post- Rana Plazas collapsing while connecting it to Marx and

Globalism And The Growth Of Income Disparity - 889 Words

Globalism and the Growth of Income Disparity Globalism and the Growth of Income Disparity Globalism refers to connectedness and communication networks that span continents and bring the world s people closer together, and globalization refers to how globalism increases or decreases. Digital technology has increased globalism, global marketing and business opportunities, but this growth doesn t mean that everyone gets a share of the wealth. There has been a growing gap between the richest and poorest people that only seems to increase as globalism generates more opportunities. The top fifth of U.S. households, for example, own 84 percent of the nation s wealth while the bottom two-fifths only own 0.3 percent of the country s wealth according to the a href=http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2014/09/economist-explains-0Economist.com. A Scalar.USC.edu study found that incomes for the richest 1 percent tripled between 1979 and 2007 while median income households only earned 25 percent more in the same period, and most of that increase was due to labor force incr eases and people working longer hours. Income Disparity Between Poor and Rich Has Grown Steadily Under Globalization People persist with many misconceptions and seem to prefer rags-to-riches success stories over the hard facts that the disparity between the haves and have-nots continues to increase. These misconceptions include: Globalism makes things fairer for everybody. People live similarlyShow MoreRelatedGlobalization: The Road to Worldwide Peace and Prosperity Essay688 Words   |  3 Pagespeace a chance Lyrics from the song, Give Peace A Chance by John Lennon Is globalism just another ism to be feared and loathed? 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OaxacaRead MoreInternational Management Study3118 Words   |  13 Pagesperspectives. -Top two exogenous risks facing business leaders and policy makers for 2012 and the next decade would be severe income disparity (The unequal distribution of household or individual income across the various participants in the economy) and chronic fiscal imbalances (situation where all of the future debt obligations of a government are different from the future income streams) -Other issues: natural disasters such as 2011 earthquake in Japan, flood in Thailand, Political uncertainty inRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Religion and Politics - 1957 Words

A popular bumper sticker plastered on an untold multitude of American SUVs declares that â€Å"God isn’t a Republican†¦ Or a Democrat†. Now, if an entire system of thought can be fit onto the back of someone’s car and is readable from five feet away then the issue may require some rethinking—or is at least oversimplified. However, that sticker echoes some of the most fundamental dilemmas facing believers and political enthusiasts alike in the modern world. Where does Christianity fit in terms of one’s choice in elected officials? What about the Gospel of Jesus Christ in relation to one’s social circle, one’s choices in reading material, or one’s favorite bands? The tangled enigma of religion and society is pressingly relevant in this present†¦show more content†¦Faith is at risk when the action associated with a belief system is motivated not by a conscious, dynamic morality but by a desire for social acceptance. S tephen encounters similar cultural policing when, while still in grade school, his English teacher announces to the entire class that â€Å"this fellow has heresy in his essay† (Joyce 69). The dramatic public criticism of a syntactic trifle that does not exactly align with Catholic doctrine serves as a humiliating reinforcement of religiously derived social standards and punishes Stephen for both original thought and individuality. The rigid religion that saturates Stephen’s surroundings conditions him to worship, to believe, and to belong without question or concern. The onset of Stephen’s adolescence is marked by renewed and heightened zeal for his religion as the gifted young man struggles to assert his own identity and to satisfy the yearnings of his artistic nature for spiritual and intellectual fulfillment. After receiving forgiveness for past transgressions (through a traditional Catholic confession), Stephen thought that â€Å"it would be beautiful to d ie if God so willed. It was beautiful to live if God so willed, to live in grace a life of peace and virtue and forbearance with others† (Joyce 127); he developed a strict regimen wherein â€Å"every morning he hallowed himself anew in the presenceShow MoreRelatedReligion, Politics, And Politics Essay2149 Words   |  9 Pages Religion and politics have been inextricably intertwined since the creation of culture and civilization. However, the academic tradition often times has been to focus on the importance of placing religion and politics into two distinctly separate systems. I, however, argue that it isn t as black and white as that. In many of the readings we have been assigned this quarter thus far, religion and politics have gone hand in hand mutually benefiting one another. As shown in these readings, religionRead MoreReligion And Politics And Religion926 Words   |  4 PagesReligion and politics are two topics that should never be discussed. 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Does each necessarily have a vision of an Islamic engagement with politics and, if so, what does it look like? The interaction between politics and religion in the Islamic context is one that descends from the model of theRead MoreThe Tangling Of Religion And Politics1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tangling of Religion and Politics Religion and politics are quite mingled into society both in the developed countries as well as in developing countries. Religion and politics are two divisions of a single person. Religion speaks for a person’s moral values and beliefs and politics reaches out to one’s secular lifestyle. 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Hobbes used the forms of senses and imagination to discredit or to divert of supernaturalRead MoreReligion and Politics Essay2773 Words   |  12 PagesReligion and Politics Historically, religion and politics have always played a very significant part in our everyday lives, dating back to the ancient pharaohs of Africa to our modern day society, religion have had a profound effect on our existence as a society. For a good example of how religion affects politics in our modern world we need not look very far but in our own backyard. The influence of Catholicism on Latin American politics, and the role religion plays on Middle EasternRead More Religion and Politics Essay1761 Words   |  8 PagesReligion and Politics Both liberals and conservatives have become quite adept at mixing religion and politics in our current society. One also continues to observe an ongoing practice of civil religion demonstrated by presidents and office-seekers on both the left and right. Generally, the leftist merger ofRead MoreA Study of Religion in Politics3234 Words   |  13 PagesPolicy, Elections, and People A Study of Religion in Politics Introduction Religion has always played a large role in politics. Religion has played a role in the division of parties, political policy, and in influencing voters to vote for a particular candidate. It is presumed that religion has existed since the beginning of time and that it stills holds a prominent position in what occurs in today’s society. Religion, no matter what belief a person may have, often regulates what a person believes

Affirmative Action History Essay Example For Students

Affirmative Action History Essay Affirmative Action is defined by Websters New World College Dictionary as a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups. The phrase affirmative action was coined by President John F. Kennedy in 1961 when he issued Executive Order 10925, initiating the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246. This order required federal contractors to take affirmative action to increase the number of minorities that they employed. Thus affirmative action was born. However, when Kennedy and Johnson established affirmative action, they did not intend for it to have the perverted and distorted effect that it currently has today. Such perversions and distortions include the hiring of unqualified workers, the causing of problems for groups it originally set out to help, and reverse discrimination that results in unfair standards into higher education and the work force. The practice of affirmative action must be stopped. The main argument for affirmative action is that it creates equal opportunity for people in the work force and for students seeking admission into higher education. However, this is not a valid point. While affirmative action creates equal opportunity for some individuals, it discriminates against others, primarily white males. Therefore, affirmative action uses reverse discrimination to solve the problem of discrimination. Do two wrongs make a right? The answer is no. The first reason affirmative action should be stopped is that employees often are hired that are not qualified to execute their jobs effectively. Many times employers are forced to find the best minority, rather than the person most qualified for the job. For example, a policy was adopted by Duke University in 1993 that required each department at the university to hire at least one new African-American for a faculty position (Pasour). However, various surveys and estimates show that less than 4,000 blacks receive Ph. D.s in the United States. This is less than two black Ph.D. s for every American college or university (Sowell). Therefore, Duke Universitys policy would force them to hire faculty that are not as qualified, due to a shortage of black Ph.D.s, as their white counterparts. The hiring of unskilled workers is also detrimental to businesses as well. The primary purpose of a business is to make money for the employer, as well as the employees. The hiring of unqualified employees is harmful to the businesss production. When employees cannot perform their specific tasks, it often leads to error, which costs the company time and money. If the business is continually paying for worker error, its profits will decrease, producing a decrease in employee pay. Many times companies are forced to hire unqualified individuals because of quotas. Often when a businesss quota is not filled it is forced to conceive unnecessary jobs for minorities, which is also decreases a companys profit. Incapable employees are a detriment to worker unity as well. If an employee is not as qualified as his or her co-worker, it may create tension and frustration between them, in turn creating another complication.. The second reason it is imperative to abolish the practice of affirmative action is that it often initiates problems for the minorities it originally intended to help. This is apparent in the work place as well as in colleges and universities. The first problem affirmative action establishes for minorities is that it places a stigma on groups who benefit from affirmative action, especially those who actually earn their position because they are qualified for it. Consider an employer who hires a member of a minority group on the basis of merit alone. Many employees automatically assume that the individuals appointment resulted from affirmative action. Thus, any employee who does benefit from affirmative action bears the brand of not being the best pick, but only the best pick from a limited group (Pasour). .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f , .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .postImageUrl , .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f , .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:hover , .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:visited , .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:active { border:0!important; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:active , .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1eb7fd0797a9739e2457fa7af4f8082f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Salem Witch Trials Essay The second problem it creates for minorities in the workplace is the loss of spirit and vitality for their jobs. If workers feel that the sole reason they are employed is to fill a quota, they may lack pride in their jobs, which in turn hinders their performance. In addition, minoritiess problems due to affirmative action are not exclusive to the work place. Many college and university minority students also experience the conundrums of affirmative action. At colleges in North Carolina, black students recently stated that they were treated like affirmative action cases even though they were not. Professors, seeking to help, asked them if they needed tutoring or other assistance, already assuming the black students lack of qualifications (Pasour). The third, and perhaps major, reason that affirmative action should be stopped is the issue of reverse discrimination. Affirmative action uses reverse discrimination to solve the problem of discrimination. Discrimination against whites, in particular males, is just as wrong as discrimination against minorities. As are many problems of affirmative action, reverse discrimination is present in both the workplace and in institutions of higher education. Reverse discrimination in the work place is a phenomenon associated with white males. White male job applicants who are qualified to receive a job are often discarded for under-qualified minorities because of quotas set forth by affirmative action. In the most extreme cases, white males have been fired to make room for minorities. For example, the Northern Natural Gas Company of Omaha, Nebraska, was forced by the government to release sixty-five white male workers to make room for minority employees in 1977 (Sowell). This act is extremely unfair to white males and is a pure form of discrimination. Many advocates of affirmative action argue that affirmative action is a form of retribution for past discrimination minorities experienced. However most minorities entering the job market today were born after the emergence of affirmative action, in 1964, and have suffered little prejudice in terms of salary. Reverse discrimination is not only a great injustice in the work place, but it is present in admissions to colleges and universities as well. However, it does not exclusively pertain to white males in this context, but Asian-Americans as well. Therefore, affirmative action is not even inclusive of all of the minorities, but rather a select few. Just as the white employee has to have higher credentials to receive a job, so do white and Asian-American college applicants. Colleges and universities often have quotas set by the government, as businesses do, that ensure that they have enough minorities in their incoming freshmen class. An example is the admission practices at the University of California at Berkeley. A 1995 report released by the university said that 9. 7 percent of all applicants were African-Americans. Of these 9.7 percent accepted, 0.8 percent of these African-American students were accepted on academic merit alone. The percentage of white students accepted by Berkeley totaled 36.8 percent. Of the 36.8 percent white students accepted, 47. 9 percent were accepted on academic merit alone (Affirmative Action). Thus the number of African-American students accepted because of non-academic circumstances was approximately sixty times greater than that of their white counterparts. Another interesting fact that was included in the study was the comparison of grade point averages and SAT scores. The average grade point average for a rejected white student was 3. 66 with an SAT score of 1142. The average grade point average for an accepted African-American student was 3.66 with an SAT score of 1030 (Affirmative Action). These statistics demonstrate the reverse discrimination against white college applicants due to affirmative action. In addition, many competent applicants are being refused admission, which is alarming due to the fact that only 27 percent of African-Americans graduate, whereas 66 percent of white or Asian-Americans graduate. Many people look forward to the day when employment and admission to colleges and universities will depend on an individuals qualifications and ability, regardless of the color of their skin or their gender. However, the United States has not reached that point yet. In order to reach this point we must devise an alternative to replace affirmative action, because as long as affirmative action is in effect there will always be racial tension. .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a , .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .postImageUrl , .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a , .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:hover , .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:visited , .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:active { border:0!important; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:active , .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u90ad44de8d5d5f6c17e8726c897d022a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Michael Jackson Essay Such an alternative would be the strengthening of the ?intermediate institutions, such as community associations, schools, media, and independent social agencies, which provide the organizational foundation for collective development and effective public representation (Sterlitz). In essence, if the same amount of capital was extended to minority institutions, the minority society would eventually become more developed and give the much needed guidance to individuals, therefore enabling them to play a major part in society. Affirmative action was first introduced by President John F. Kennedy and President Lyndon B. Johnson. In the time since Kennedy and Johnson, affirmative action has been severely distorted. Both presidents intended for this policy to stop discrimination, not simply reverse it. However, as shown in the foregoing discussion, the problems of affirmative action include hiring of unskilled employees, the establishment of problems for minorities it was originally suppose to help, and the basis for reverse discrimination.

Five Stages of Team Development-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Five Stages of Team Development Suggested by TUCKMAN. Answer: Introduction Team building is a group of people working for a single thing with cooperation with each other and moving to achieve some success. However, during the process, the team undergoes various stages and they are expected to cross those stages successfully in order to achieve their goals (Raes et. al. 2015).The paper discusses about the TUCKMAN stages of team development to evaluate the stages the team worked through these stages while preparing the report. Further, it illustrates on the three professional objectives of the group such as the time management, effective communication building with the audience and successful interaction within the group. Further, it shows the use of these objectives in our group activity. TUCKMAN Report Team is not a static phenomenon, as it needs to pass through various stages of self-development as well as team development. The members of the team need to learn continuously in order to operate effectively within the changing environment. Each stages of team development process in crucial and interlinked with one another. The members of the team moves from one stage to another and on completion get to know their skills and areas they are lacking. TUCKMAN has suggested five stages of team making process such as forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Each of these stages is important as one wants to the team to develop through the period. This also helps to know the way the team has helped in dealing with the challenges, problems and found the solution to deliver effective results (Scherrer et. al. 2016). The development of a team or a group is a natural phenomenon and applies to all cultures and environment. Human beings desire to form a group while undertaking any activity so that they can develop solutions easily to cope up with the challenges faced by the team or any individual in the team. Group processes are based on values offering stages of group progress through which each member can develop their functioning in a group (Humphrey and Aime 2014). The five stages suggested by TUCKMAN group development model are discussed below: Forming The initial stage of group development is forming that is features as relying. Here the members of the group depend on their leaders for suggestions and direction. The members of the group seek the choice of the group leader to accept them in the team in order to work successfully. After the group formation, the members try to keep the rules of the team simple and acceptable. It is the stage where the team meets to discuss about the task they are going to deal with and the goals of doing it. In this stage the team members work in together to form the task and try to show their best behavior and capability. However, they are too focused on their individual needs and benefits. The matured members tend to succeed faster on behavior motive than the less matured members. Further, there the surroundings of the place where the meeting takes pace also affects the team members behavior. The surrounding of the meeting environment also alters the actions of the team members and plays an importa nt role in this initial phase of team building. If the environment is too friendly and easily adaptable then the team members will easily gel up with each other. Finally, the team needs to decide the task they will do to move to next stage and avoid conflicts regarding any topic (Betts and Healy 2015). Storming It is a stage after the formation of the group and decision of the group members actions. In this stage, the team member after analyzing the behavior of their fellow mates can raise their voice if someone is trying to dominate or escapes from doing a task. They can also question the decision taken by the team leader without consulting the other members. This stage requires the team to solve all types of problems and disagreements they are facing in their group in order to move successfully with their goals and topic. However, in this stage it is also realize that there is a scope of reentering in case there are some clashes arising in the later stages of team building. On the other hand, there are also cases where the teams are so supportive that they directly jumps from stage one to stage two. Thus, this shows that the effect and duration of the storming stage varies from one group to another. The team must first analyze the tolerance level of their members to question them in the s torming stage as teams that lack patience fail to succeed in future. Thus, in the end of this phase each member will be able to understand each other and participate in the teamwork more comfortably (Woodcock 2017). Norming The next phase where the team enters after crossing the storming stage successfully is the norming stage. This stage displays the spirit of the team to work together after solving all the clashes. Coming to this stage is only possible if each member of the team realize the importance of competition that it might face in order to succeed unexpectedly (Heinz, K., 2014). Thus, this stage makes it visible the efforts that the team is putting to achieve their goals and the ambitious motive they hold. The realization of the amount of competition from other teams makes them tolerate everything and work with zeal to succeed. Moreover, this stage is witnessed by a free flow of data in the group without any hindrances. There is a feeling of openness and sharing between group members as they work for the betterment of the team as a whole. However, this phase is also backed up by the sense of fear of untying among the group members (Putnam 2014). Thus, this might stop them from taking up any cha nges. Performing This stage is the fourth stage that a team might gain after crossing the other three stages successfully. It is seen that if the team is able to reach this stage then they there is a strong bond in the team and they were able to resolve all kinds of clashes. In this stage, teams are interdependent on each other for all their activities and prefer taking each others view before pursuing with a task (Yang 2014). Along with this, they also support each others view and this enables them to move faster with the team task. Thus, this shows that this stage helps in the development of personal relationships along with effective problem solving capabilities. The people are now become more leaned towards task and people of the team. There is an evident development of unity in the team with high group identity, moral and loyalty. Group moral and loyalty is one positive factor embedded in team that allows the team to perform better and stand out from other competing teams. Thus, it is seen that stage four allows the members to show their performance on the task with the team spirit that they have developed while crossing the other stages. Adjourning: A team achieves this final stage after successful completion of other stages. The final stage adjourning is the time when the team separates after completion of task. This is the time when all the team members separate themselves from the task behavior and from any kind of relationships with the task members. This is the concluding stage as all the activities get over after performing the task. However, it might lead to some apprehension about the group or the task. It is also a regression stage where there is termination of group control as well as group inclusion. Thus, it is the finalize stage where all the work related to the task is completed and the group members departs from the group and their responsibility. This stage is also not approachable easily by a group as they need to cross the first three phase successfully and perform the task effectively to reach to the final stage. However, it might happen that the group, which fails to achieve stage 3 directly, separates from t heir teammates and comes to stage five of adjourning (Griffith and Yombo 2015). Thus, from the above discussion it is seen that the five stages group development model suggested by TUCKMAN is very effective in evaluating the stages of growth in a team. Professional Objectives Report Manage the use of time and other resources to complete project IDEAS CONNECTIONS EXTENSIONS Identifying the goals At first our team identified the goals that we wanted to make a boat, a flag, a logo in our social club. We designed out the time for each task with the help of a timeline. Our aim was to submit the task in time without missing any credentials of the work. This required us to deal with unexpected circumstances by dividing the team members with certain individual duties. Some of the members were assigned with the boat task, while others were with logo and flag. Identification of individual needs Then our team planned the task for the boat building and other activities one by one and organized a meeting to allot the work among the team members according to their skills and needs. Team members were advised to come prepared for the meeting with all the necessary equipments such as the chart papers for making the things and the layout of the boat, flag and logo. The task was divided among the members according to their skills that helped in personal development as well. This in turn proved to be a positive point for the team and the task as everyone got the task in which they excelled. Preparation for project completion After the completion of the meeting we planned out the resources to be used in the team work among memebre which offered the best design for particular things and incorporated them effectively within a structured timeline. This was done for successful completion of the task. All the members of the team participated in the discussions effectively in order to move according to the timeline that was prepared. Identification of available resources However, the prepared timeline has some loopholes as we failed to incorporate certain events such as the break time, uncertain circumstances. These tasks were incorporated later as these events might have interrupted the task. Multiple task was balanced according to the needs and important which helped us tom compete with the time needs. Reallocate resources when necessary and adjust the time After the formulation of the timeline, our team move forward with the task of building and met with certain constraints such as some people fell sick, while some was unable to do the task nicely in the initial period. These constraints were sorted immediately before we proceeded with the work. Our team was able to manage the time affectively by systematic management within the team. Table 1: Time management for boat, flag and logo building and social club Source: (Taylan et. al. 2014, Maier, and Branzei 2014) Communicate clearly and concisely with the audience It is vital to develop a proper idea, build connection and extension with the audience. Identifying the needs of the audience is the most fundamental element in communicating with them. It is necessary to consider the requirements and needs of the audience in achieving the optimal effect. Interaction with the help of various presentation formats also helps in building connection with the audience. It is important to adapt the existing presentation styles to fulfill the needs of the new audience. Using proper vocabulary and the terms appropriately and correctly will also help us to develop good relationship with the audience. Simple and lucid language must be used while communicating with the audience so that it becomes easy for them to understand the basis of their interaction i.e. building a boat, social activities, making a logo and joining the social club (Stock Mahoney and Carney 2013). It is necessary to adapt a particular style, vocabulary and tone while communicating with the new targeted audience for joining the social club. One should not use jargons and it must be assumed that others understand the theme or the subject very easily. It is vital to select the best method in building the boat or making a logo so that they properly understand it. We also asked questions to the audience to check their level of understanding and also explain it in different ways if they failed to answer them. The audience must also be encouraged to exchange their views and ideas and sometimes even address the small and unpopular issues in an assertive way (Levi 2015). The most vital aspect of effective communication is to think before speaking out in the public. This will help to convey the idea concisely and it will also be easier for the audience to follow them. Providing correct and necessary supporting information while communicating with the audience is important in this aspect. By using varied social contexts with different expectations related to the communication st yle, it is important to stay focused on the particular topic and communicate with the audience. Thus, it is important to communicate in a strategic direction with the audience (Wood et. al. 2014) Creation of effective work relationship within the team Effective communication within the team members will help in the creation of healthy work relationship. It will be easier to communicate how we feel about the team or communicate the passion via open meetings. This is considered as one of the best approach of communicating with the team members. The team members shared their ideas and viewpoints in the open meetings and this helped in the successful implementation of the project such as making a logo, building the boat and engaging in various social activities. Moreover, the team members were also encouraged through formal and informal team activities in all these social activities. The leaders arranged team outings which encouraged the team members to feel a part of the team and thus develop a good relationship with the team mates. We also rewarded the team members who made excellent contribution in building the boat, making the logo or engaging themselves in varied social activities. It is also important to demonstrate to the team members that we are accountable to them by being responsible and reliable (Dyer and Dyer 2013). Each one of us should try to be a role model by doing the best possible work always and at all times. This will help in developing the trust among the team members. It is also vital to look at the positive side and recognize the team work. Moreover, it is also vital to listen to the team members what they say about others and the project in a non-judgmental manner. The most vital element that is important and essential while working in team is developing mutual respect within the members. Everyone in the team must be treated equally and this will help in maintaining proper relationship with others as well as help to complete these projects completely. Active listening skills must also be developed within the team members and this will help in the successful implementation in building the boat, engaging in various social activities or making a logo. Regular contact and communication with t he team members is important to maintain proper relationship (Miller 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that team building is not an easy task. Various types of problems and steps need to be dealt successfully in order to be an effective team. The team development model recommended by TUCMAN is very true in the real life teamwork. There are these five stages of forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning which a team needs to cross in order to come up with the best task. However, a team also needs to manage the time of the work, maintain perfect team interaction and creation of affective work relationship. References Betts, S. and Healy, W., 2015. Having a Ball Catching on to Teamwork: An Experiential Learning Approach to Teaching the Phases of Group Development.Academy of Educational Leadership Journal,19(2), p.1. Dyer, W.G. and Dyer, J.H., 2013.Team building: Proven strategies for improving team performance. John Wiley Sons. Griffith, B. and Yombo, B.N., 2015. Keep the Momentum Going: A Project Managers Plan to Sustaining High Team Performance on Time-Sensitive Projects. Heinz, K., 2014. Multicultural team conflict management.Securitologia, (1 (19)), pp.117-128. Humphrey, S.E. and Aime, F., 2014. Team microdynamics: Toward an organizing approach to teamwork.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.443-503. Levi, D., 2015.Group dynamics for teams. Sage Publications. Maier, E.R. and Branzei, O., 2014. On time and on budget: Harnessing creativity in large scale projects.International Journal of Project Management,32(7), pp.1123-1133. Miller, B.C., 2015.Quick team-building activities for busy managers: 50 exercises that get results in just 15 minutes. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Putnam, S.P., 2014.Management Styles in Relationship to Small Group Output: Let's Standardize Management Practices(Doctoral dissertation). Raes, E., Kyndt, E., Decuyper, S., Van den Bossche, P. and Dochy, F., 2015. An exploratory study of group development and team learning.Human Resource Development Quarterly,26(1), pp.5-30. Scherrer, J.L., Olco?, K., Butterfield, A.K. and Kebede, W., 2016. Bringing experiential educational groups to the United States: an analysis of group development in an international travel and study program.Social Work Education,35(6), pp.693-705. Stock, R., Mahoney, E. and Carney, P.A., 2013. Measuring team development in clinical care settings.Fam Med,45(10), pp.691-700. Taylan, O., Bafail, A.O., Abdulaal, R.M. and Kabli, M.R., 2014. Construction projects selection and risk assessment by fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methodologies.Applied Soft Computing,17, pp.105-116. Wood, M., Chen, P., Fu, K., Cagan, J. and Kotovsky, K., 2014. The role of design team interaction structure on individual and shared mental models. InDesign Computing and Cognition'12(pp. 209-226). Springer, Dordrecht. Woodcock, M., 2017.Team development manual. Routledge. Yang, I., 2014. What makes an effective team? The role of trust (dis) confirmation in team development.European Management Journal,32(6), pp.858-869.

Lyme Disease Essays (1202 words) - Rheumatology, RTT,

Lyme Disease Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted inflammatory disorder characterized by an early focal skin lesion, and subsequently a growing red area on the skin (erythema chronicum migrans or ECM). The disorder may be followed weeks later by neurological, heart or joint abnormalities. Symptomatology The first symptom of Lyme disease is a skin lesion. Known as erythema chronicum migrans, or ECM, this usually begins as a red discoloration (macule) or as an elevated round spot (papule). The skin lesion usually appears on an extremity or on the trunk, especially the thigh, buttock or the under arm. This spot expands, often with central clearing, to a diameter as large as 50 cm (c. 12 in.). Approximately 25% of patients with Lyme disease report having been bitten at that site by a tiny tick 3 to 32 days before onset of ECM. The lesion may be warm to touch. Soon after onset nearly half the patients develop multiple smaller lesions without hardened centers. ECM generally lasts for a few weeks. Other types of lesions may subsequently appear during resolution. Former skin lesions may reappear faintly, sometimes before recurrent attacks of arthritis. Lesions of the mucous membranes do not occur in Lyme disease. The most common symptoms accompanying ECM, or preceding it by a few days, may include malaise, fatigue, chills, fever, headache and stiff neck. Less commonly, backache, muscle aches (myalgias), nausea, vomiting, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and an enlarged spleen may also be present. Most symptoms are characteristically intermittent and changing, but malaise and fatigue may linger for weeks. Arthritis is present in about half of the patients with ECM, occurring within weeks to months following onset and lasting as long as 2 years. Early in the illness, migratory inflammation of many joints (polyarthritis) without joint swelling may occur. Later, longer attacks of swelling and pain in several large joints, especially the knees, typically recur for several years. The knees commonly are much more swollen than painful; they are often hot, but rarely red. Baker's cysts (a cyst in the knee) may form and rupture. Those symptoms accompanying ECM, especially malaise, fatigue and low-grade fever, may also precede or accompany recurrent attacks of arthritis. About 10% of patients develop chronic knee involvement (i.e. unremittent for 6 months or longer). Neurological abnormalities may develop in about 15% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks to months following onset of ECM, often before arthritis occurs. These abnormalities commonly last for months, and usually resolve completely. They include: 1. lymphocytic meningitis or meningoencephalitis 2. jerky involuntary movements (chorea) 3. failure of muscle coordination due to dysfunction of the cerebellum (cerebellar ataxia) 4. cranial neuritis including Bell's palsy (a form of facial paralysis) 5. motor and sensory radiculo-neuritis (symmetric weakness, pain, strange sensations in the extremities, usually occurring first in the legs) 6. injury to single nerves causing diminished nerve response (mononeuritis multiplex) 7. inflammation of the spinal cord (myelitis). Abnormalities in the heart muscle (myocardium) occur in approximately 8% of patients with Lyme disease within weeks of ECM. They may include fluctuating degrees of atrioventricular block and, less commonly, inflammation of the heart sack and heart muscle (myopericarditis) with reduced blood volume ejected from the left ventricle and an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly). When Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, the fetus may or may not be adversely affected, or may contract congenital Lyme Disease. In a study of nineteen pregnant women with Lyme Disease, fourteen had normal pregnancies and normal babies. If Lyme Disease is contracted during pregnancy, possible fetal abnormalities and premature birth can occur. Etiology Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacterium (Borrelia Burgdorferi) transmitted by a small tick called Ixodes dammini. The spirochete is probably injected into the victim's skin or bloodstream at the time of the insect bite. After an incubation period of 3 to 32 days, the organism migrates outward in the skin, is spread through the lymphatic system or is disseminated by the blood to different body organs or other skin sites. Lyme Disease was first described in 1909 in European medical journals. The first outbreak in the United States occurred in the early 1970's in Old lyme, Connecticut. An unusually high incidence of juvenile arthritis in the area led scientists to investigate and identify the disorder. In 1981, Dr. Willy Burgdorfer identified the bacterial spirochete organism (Borrelia Burgdorferi) which causes this disorder. Affected Population Lyme Disease occurs in wooded areas with populations of mice and deer which carry ticks, and can be contracted during any season of the year. Related Disorders Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disorder similar in appearance to

Sample Essay on Political Socialization in UK Universities

Sample Essay on Political Socialization in UK UniversitiesSample essays are given out to students who need guidance on certain subjects. They are offered as a way to instruct students on what they should expect when writing and submitting essays for classes in UK universities. Students must understand the guidelines that are given in order to write a good sample essay on political socialization in UK universities.There are certain tips that need to be utilized when submitting a sample essay. The most important step is to write with purpose, in terms of ideas and research. Students should also consider the common topics to be discussed and use them as a basis for the content of the essay.The first thing that students must remember when writing a sample essay on political socialization in UK universities is to make it very informative. The readers of the essay must have a good grasp of the subject matter being discussed in the essay.The students should focus on three areas when writing an essay. The first is the ideas. They must focus on the ideas that they should include in the essay and incorporate them in the right context to be able to properly communicate the ideas.The second area that the students should concentrate on is the presentation. They must make sure that the facts they present are precise and are supported by the facts provided. They should be able to articulate the points that they want to make clearly without any confusion.The third and last area that the students must concentrate on is the research that they do. They must make sure that they conduct the research on a specific topic that they know very well or has some great relevance to the topic that they are discussing.When it comes to writing an essay, students need to think about how they can best answer the questions that they need to answer. They must make sure that they write essays that will help their readers in getting information that they need in order to properly answer the essay q uestions.

Walmarts Success

Walmarts Success There are several critical factors that have lead to Wal-Mart's impressive success through the years. To unveil (at least partly) the secret of its success, we must examine Wal-Mart's cost advantage relative to a more typical discount retailer. To do this we will study table A derived blow.Exhibit A: Wal-Mart vs. Industry Economics of Discounting Comparison in 1984 (% of net sales)Line ItemsWAL-MARTIndustry AverageNet Sales100%100%License fees and Other income.811.1Cost of Goods Sold73.8071.9Payroll Expense10.1011.2Advertising Expense.352.3Rental Expense1.902.2Miscellaneous Expense6.237.6Operating Income8.505.9Net income4.202.7Firstly, as indicated in Exhibit A, the licensing fees and other income is slightly lower than that of the industry average. This is primarily due to the fact that Wal-Mart increasingly ran over two-thirds of their specialty (shoes, pharmaceuticals, and jewelry) departments themselves. As indicated in the case, this figure continued to drop in subsequent years. Secondarily, in examining the cost of goods sold (COGS) for Wal-Mart we see that, quite unexpectedly, their COGS is actually higher by nearly 2% than that of the industry average.walmart beijingThis seemingly large difference can be explained by Wal-Mart's overall strategy of volume pricing vs. margin pricing.Third, we see that the payroll expense incurred by Wal-Mart is nearly 1% point less than that of the industry average. This can be explained by the fact that Wal-Mart enjoys high labor productivity that is a result of technical investment made at each store location. Wal-Mart's high revenue also reduces payroll expense as a percentage of revenue.Additionally, advertising expense is considerably lower than that of the industry average. We know that in 1979 $3.7 million were spent on television advertising and this figure represented 29% of Wal-Mart's total advertising expense. From this we can calculate that the total actual advertising expense for 1979 was...

Prompt Six - On Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prompt Six - On Design - Essay Example This is also referred to as a cross over study. It allows for a comparison of the results arising from different tests performed on the same group of subjects. For example, in a test comparing the effects of a low glycemic load (LGL) diet with a high glycemic load (HGL) diet the same group is fed with a LGL meal in one instance and a HGL meal in another instance. There are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. In the ‘between groups’ approach participants are less likely to become bored as in the ‘within group’ approach because they are only used for one treatment. Therefore, they are more likely to entertain follow up treatments than is the case with the ‘within group’ approach where participants may not complete the tests. The ‘within group’ is less costly when compared to the ‘between groups’ approach as it involves only one group on which more than one treatment is administered while the ‘between groups’ approach require more than one group. Therefore, the number of participants subjected to tests are half as much as in the ‘between groups’ approach. Additionally, the ‘within group’ approach is less error prone since the same subjects are used for both tests whiles the ‘between groups’ approach is negatively imp acted by individual differences. The effect of the first treatment on the second treatment is a major disadvantage of the ‘within group’ approach. The main differences between the two approaches need to be clearly understood in order to facilitate a determination of the statistical tests to be employed so that inferences can be made. Paired t-Tests is useful in analyzing ‘within group’ designs while independent t-Tests is useful for analyzing data for ‘between groups’

International Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

International Financial Management - Essay Example And the larger financial markets now have a much bigger consumer base than ever before. (Issing, 2000) With the occurrence of globalization the capital structure of MNC has changed. This is because these companies can now be owned by their customers from outside their base country. Like for example Jaguar (originally British) being owned by the Tata Group of India (Berkowitz, 2008) and Volvo (originally Swedish) is now owned by Geely which is a Chinese company (IBSEN, 2010). The stock market activities are now largely dependent on the availability of information. Stocks are traded on the basis of information coming from across the world. And with the time difference between the major stock markets from East to West, stock market activities are now held round the clock. Globalization has essentially made the financial markets much more competitive by broadening the horizon of their operations. Therefore it is safe to say that the affect of globalization on the financial sector has helped it grow and give exposure to a wider array of investors. Berkowitz, J. (2008, March 25). Tata Motors Buys Jaguar and Land Rover for $2.9b. Retrieved from The Truth about cars: http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2008/03/tata-motors-buys-jaguar-and-land-rover-for-2b/ IBSEN, D. A. (2010, March 30). VOLVO TO BE OWNED BY A CHINESE CONGLOMERATE, BUT WILL STAY A SWEDISH BRAND. Retrieved from The Marketeer:

Economics - Short Answers Essay Example for Free

Economics Short Answers Essay Answer #1 One of the problems that concern me right now would be the continuous increase of prices of petroleum products in the market which greatly affected my budget. Moreover, the said hike of oil prices causes our economy to perform badly for the past quarters which indirectly affects the prices of major commodities in the market like sugar, coffee, rice etc based from what I have read from the news papers and magazines. In this regard, oil price hike imposes negative externalities on our welfare –consumers. But to some extent, oil price hike also bring benefits to our economy in a form of forcing our federal government to find ways of providing alternative sources of energy aside from crude oil like bio-fuel. If it not for the price hikes of petroleum products in the market for the past decades, authorities would make no effort to find other sources of energy especially one that would serve as substitute for crude oil. After a few more decades, prices of petroleum products will start to decline as a consequence of emerging alternative sources of energy like bio-fuel as what I have said a while ago. Answer #2 One of the best examples of monopolists that currently exist in the market would be Microsoft Company. Microsoft Company serves to be the sole provider of Windows – software being used by almost all of personal computers around the globe. In this regard, the absence of other provider of Windows other than Microsoft makes the latter a monopolist catering for a large pool of buyers. Moreover, since Microsoft is the sole provider of Windows which we are all using nowadays, there is a great possibility for Microsoft to charge higher prices due to the absence of substitute goods for Windows. Furthermore, monopolists, because of its large market influence, can easily prevent new players to enter the industry of Software production giving them enough room to enjoy sole player in the market. Answer #3 Based from the negative effects that monopolists imposes not only to consumers but also to other market players, the federal government made necessary laws that would restrict the action of monopolists in the market creating enough way to protect the welfare of the consumers and other market players. One of the said laws could be the Anti-Trust Law. Anti-Trust Law is a bulk of laws that forbid unfair market competitions and anti-competitive behaviour of monopolists through illegalizing some practices of the latter that believed to hurt either or both businesses and consumers (U. S. Department of Justice, 1996). As for the case of labor monopolization of giant unions, I think we could also consider them as a source of potential negative effects just like of Microsoft as well as the misallocation of economic resources. The main reason here would be that, having a giant union monopolizing laborers in the market, there is a tendency that they will have a higher bargaining power on private firms of various industries, such as salary increase, which imposes negative effects on the operation of the businesses. At the end of the day, it is the consumers who will suffer from the actions of giant unions since the tendency of the private firms is to pass what ever the added costs they will incur from the said increase of bargaining power of labor unions. Answer #4  Another type of market structure aside from monopoly would be oligopoly. Oligopoly is a type of market structure wherein there is a few sellers and many buyers in market. As compared to monopoly, there exist market competition in oligopoly which improves the quality and quantity of goods and services in the market and so with the consumer welfare. One possible example of oligopoly would be Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is a retail stores and tagged as â€Å"the Giant Store† which leads the industry of retailing due to its large size relative to other retail stores in the industry. The only down turn here in oligopoly would be the possibility of collusion between those â€Å"few sellers† in the market in order for them to minimize competition and have control on the price level in the market. The said collusion of oligopolists is called cartel and this act in the market just like a monopoly. This is the reason why federal government is keeping an eye on oligopolists to prevent such scenario since cartel is no difference with monopoly. Answer #5 Yes, the local phone service market, which was dominated before by Bell, has a great possibility of reaching competitive market due to the forces of competition. With the existence of competition, the local phone service industry members would have to compete to one another in order to attract more customers in terms such as higher service quality and lower price. Those improvements in the service quality and lower price of local phone service would make the said industry competitive since consumer welfare will surely improve; and at the end of the day, societal welfare will start to improve along side with the local phone service industry itself. Answer #6  One of the ways for us to determine if the product differentiation of competitive firms us wasted or not would be to know if the consumers possess brand loyalty which is the main target of differentiating product from one another. Product differentiation serves as the â€Å"identity† of any firm belonging to the competitive market and that identity will stand as the â€Å"brand† for the private firm. Now, if consumers in the market do not have the sense of â€Å"brand loyalty†, then, there is a big possibility that the product differentiation of private firms will be deemed unsuccessful in penetrating its target consumers. Answer #7  OPEC has been successful in controlling the production of oil since it has a bargaining power superimpose on the government of various countries that supplies oil in the market. OPEC determines the market demand and supply existing in the world market and either they increase or decrease the oil supply depending on the season, economic stability of their member countries and volume of supply of oil-producing countries to the organization, moreover, there are times that OPEC regulated the supply of oil for precautionary reasons like during the times of war and during the times of potential shortage in the coming period. The only negative effect of OPEC’s intervention on our welfare, especially during the times when they cut the supply of oil in the world market, would be the high prices of petroleum products on our domestic market. Therefore, the reason why there is existing oil price hike in the market would be either OPEC cut the supply of oil in the world market which creates pressure for the prices of petroleum products to increase, or because of the economic and political instability of oil-producing countries which creates threats for oil supply shortage in the world market. At the end of the day, consumers will carry the burden of that economic and political instability of other country through the intermediation of OPEC in the world market for petroleum products. Answer #8 The reason behind the success of Wal-Mart for the past years lies on its market share and size which provide rooms for further lowering down the prices of their goods relative to their competitors. Because of the large market size and share of Wal-Mart, they have been able to have more bargaining power to their suppliers in a form of price discounts since once Wal-Mart buys products to their suppliers; millions of volumes of goods are at stake. This is the reason why suppliers would want to supply Wal-Mart due to large volume of order that they can get once they were able to close a deal with the management of the Giant. At the end of the day, those price discounts that Wal-Mart was able to receive from their suppliers will give them enough room to further set the prices of their products lower as compared to their competitors, thereby, attracting more customers which eventually lead to experiencing high company growth in terms of profitability and sales volume.